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Column and Slab house by FT Architects
FT Architects, led by Katsuya Fukushima and Hiroko Tominaga, completed a residential project in Tokyo, Japan, named "Column and Slab." This three-story house is situated on a narrow urban plot, measuring only 5 by 14 meters, and is surrounded by other properties on three sides, with only its narrow frontage open to the street. The architects' previous projects, "e-house" and "s-house," also located in densely populated areas of Tokyo, explored methods to mitigate urban density, such as using free-form, cranked screens. However, for the Column and Slab house, the approach shifted to address the oppressive feeling of tight surroundings by evoking historical dwelling forms and challenging the urban environment directly.
The structural design of the house incorporates a grid frame of concrete columns and beams. Eight concrete columns, each 300mm square, are integrated within the interior, positioned on a 2.6m x 3.0m grid. These columns support two 100mm-thick raised floors, which cantilever out at the sides to maximize the building's width within the constrained site. The need for ground improvement necessitated the use of this column-and-beam system, confining groundwork to the areas beneath the columns. The architects noted that during construction, the site resembled an archaeological excavation of ancient Japanese columns, highlighting the integration of traditional structural elements.
The third story of the house is constructed from timber and is described as a "timber box" sitting atop the concrete structure, akin to a penthouse. This combination of concrete and timber structures forms a simple yet logical solution to the client's desire for maximum space while adhering to urban regulations and environmental limitations. The architects emphasized the client's cooperative attitude, even joking about the rough concrete columns becoming part of the family, indicating a positive engagement with the unconventional design elements.
The interior layout is designed to offer a unique spatial experience. The ground floor, referred to as the "doma" (earthen floor room), features the grid of columns delineating three distinct spaces, each approximately 4.5 tatami-mats in size, complemented by 0.95m wide aisles on either side. This "doma" concept is intended to blend the outside urban environment with the interior. The first floor has a slightly lowered ceiling height, creating a sense of both tension and intimacy. Mobile storage units and a light well loosely partition the bedrooms from the bathroom on this level.
The second floor houses the main domestic hub, featuring an open, box-form space with generous openings and a relaxed atmosphere, suitable for dining. The eight concrete columns on this floor serve not only a structural purpose but also act as flexible elements, removing the need for fixed partitions and allowing the space to adapt to future changes in family life. This adaptability is seen as a crucial functional aspect of the columns, extending beyond their primary structural role.
The architects aimed to create a house that, in the chaotic urban landscape of modern Tokyo, stands out like a museum. They sought to integrate traditional forms into contemporary living without being nostalgic, thereby establishing links to architectural tradition and generating spatial tension. The design merges modernist grid frames with traditional Japanese elements like columns and raised floors. This approach represents an effort to develop an architectural language that utilizes established forms in a vivid, contemporary setting, avoiding purely nostalgic or traditionalist interpretations. The house has a total floor area of 105.6m2 and is primarily made of reinforced concrete, with a partial wood structure for the third story.
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