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SC Johnson HQ: Exterior and Interior | Frank Lloyd Wright | Ken Burns
The SC Johnson Headquarters, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, showcases an innovative architectural approach, particularly evident in its Administration Building and Research Laboratory Tower. The Administration Building features a lustrous ceiling supported by concrete columns designed to resemble lily pads, a natural metaphor that extends to the Research Laboratory Tower where concrete floors, mimicking tree branches, cantilever from a central shaft. This design choice, according to architectural historian Vincent Scully, creates a sense of being pulled into a 'pool,' with the lily pad columns making one feel as if floating underwater, evoking a womb-like experience. This contrasts with Wright's earlier Larkin Building, which, despite sharing a similar entrance and ascent to a grand space, was characterized by hard, blocky edges reflecting paternalistic capitalism, while the Johnson Wax Building embraces rounded, fluid surfaces.
A legendary episode surrounding the building's construction involved a structural integrity test of Wright's unique columns. Skeptical structural engineers questioned the design, prompting Wright to publicly demonstrate its strength. On June 4, 1937, Wright successfully loaded a test column with 24 tons of sand without it cracking, a significant event that garnered public attention and challenged conventional building theories. The Milwaukee Journal reported on this 'upside-down column' and its ability to hold heavy loads, highlighting the industrial commission's initial doubts and the festive atmosphere surrounding the test. Representatives from various companies and camera enthusiasts gathered, anticipating a potential collapse, but Wright, alongside his students and the company president, oversaw the successful demonstration.
The columns, described as 'flower' or 'ice cream cone' shaped, are nine inches in diameter at the base and gradually spread upwards, culminating in a 'calyx' and an 8 1/2-foot concrete 'petal' at the top. These 'petals,' spaced 20 feet apart, support the roof, with glass skylights filling the diamond-shaped spaces between them, allowing natural light into the building. This design defied established architectural rules, which dictated a maximum column height of 6 feet 9 inches for a nine-inch diameter base, whereas Wright's columns extended to 21 feet 7 1/2 inches. The secret to their strength lies in Wright's use of a steel mesh core instead of traditional steel rods. Wright explained this as a 'marriage' of materials, comparing the steel mesh to muscles and sinews, which are stronger than bones, and calling his approach 'organic' architecture.
Architecture critic Paul Goldberger highlighted the building's 'Marxist' quality, providing a beautiful, naturally lit space for workers, a monumental space for clerical staff, despite it being a corporate building. Frank Lloyd Wright himself articulated his vision in 'An Autobiography,' stating that the Administration Building was designed to be as inspiring a workplace as any cathedral, serving as a socio-architectural interpretation of modern business. The building employed a horizontal unit system of twenty feet and a vertical unit system of three and a half inches. Glass tubing was integral to the design, allowing light to permeate, and the exterior enclosing wall material seamlessly extended indoors. The structure's main feature was the repetition of slender, hollow, monolithic dendriform shafts, or 'stems,' standing on small brass shoes. Wright described the entire steel-reinforced structure as light, plastic, earthquake-proof, fireproof, soundproof, and vermin-proof, emphasizing that simplicity, while not fool-proof, is never for fools.
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