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Half the Floor Plan Is Outdoors at This Off-Grid Prefab in Washington
Seattle architecture and landscape design firm Wittman Estes has developed a modular home concept called Puzzle Prefab, aimed at minimizing environmental impact and maximizing connection to nature. The first prototype, located on Whidbey Island in Washington, demonstrates the system's flexibility and sustainability features. Matt Wittman, co-founder of Wittman Estes, explains that Puzzle Prefab homes can be customized to fit various environments by allowing for an infinite variety of shapes and arrangements, contrasting with other prefab homes that may feel detached from their surroundings.
The Whidbey Island project exemplifies this approach with a nearly 1:1 ratio of indoor to outdoor space, featuring 600 square feet of living area opening to 557 square feet of covered outdoor spaces. This design capitalizes on the Pacific Northwest's temperate climate, allowing the outdoor areas to function as an extension of the interior, fostering a closer relationship with nature for the inhabitants. The home consists of four distinct modules for living, sleeping/studying, energy, and outdoor dining, interconnected by covered walkways. The energy module includes a greenhouse and a rainwater collection system.
Sustainability is a core tenet of the Puzzle Prefab system. Construction primarily occurs off-site, reducing on-site disruption. The use of a pin foundation system further minimizes environmental impact by requiring minimal digging, protecting tree roots, and reducing the home's carbon footprint by 77% compared to concrete foundations. The home integrates several green technologies: steel columns double as downspouts, channeling rainwater to a tank for purification and use in the home's water systems and greenhouse irrigation. A 4.1-kW solar array powers a heat pump for hydronic heating and cooling, along with energy recovery ventilation. Smart-home controls are implemented to monitor and optimize energy consumption.
Clients can customize Puzzle Prefabs by selecting and arranging modules, such as combining multiple sleep/bath modules with a living module or integrating outdoor dining pavilions and energy modules. While the spatial configurations are standard, finishes can be tailored based on local availability. A notable feature is the system's reconfigurability: modules are self-supporting on ring beams and pin foundations, allowing them to be disassembled and relocated. Walkways and canopies are also panelized for easy reconfiguration.
The design-build timeline for a Puzzle Prefab is typically faster than conventional construction due to parallel processes, where site preparation and foundation work occur concurrently with off-site module fabrication. Although the building shells and assemblies may require adaptation for different climates, the spatial configurations are universally applicable. Wittman Estes manages the design and permitting, collaborating with local builders for site-specific work. The Whidbey Island prototype cost $676 per square foot, with costs varying by location and construction timing. Wittman Estes is currently exploring new deployment sites across the Pacific Northwest, particularly targeting remote, off-grid locations that benefit from the system's small size and ease of delivery.
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