porous terracotta air conditioning system 'nave' uses water to cool spaces without electricity

Researchers at Virginia Tech have conceptualized an evaporative cooling system utilizing 3D-printed hollow clay columns, designed to reduce ambient air temperature by approximately 10 degrees Fahrenheit (5.56 degrees Celsius). This innovative system has been integrated into a wall partition and is currently undergoing testing to assess its efficacy. The versatility of the design suggests it could be adapted for various interior applications, such as a "cooling chair," or even as a component of a building's facade, functioning similarly to a breeze block. Stefan Al, an architect, urban designer, and affiliate associate professor of architecture at Virginia Tech, along with Brook Kennedy and Georg Reichard, conceived this system. Al emphasizes that the technology offers "free cooling," requiring only water for its operation. The mechanism involves warm air passing through the clay columns, where water stored within internal sand evaporates, thereby cooling the air. The design draws inspiration from historical cooling methods, including the muscatese, an evaporative window design from Oman, and the zeer pot, an ancient clay pot system that functions as a refrigerator through evaporative cooling. These ancient techniques, which have been employed for at least 4,500 years, are rooted in the principle that water absorbs heat as it evaporates, leading to a drop in temperature. Historical examples include the use of wind catchers combined with evaporative water systems in ancient Egypt, and porous clay jars filled with water placed near latticed windows in the Middle East to cool interior spaces. While mechanical air conditioning has largely supplanted these methods in the Western world, Al and his team aim to modernize and optimize these sustainable approaches. Optimization is crucial, given that buildings' operational activities—heating, cooling, lighting, and appliances—account for over 30 percent of global energy consumption and approximately 26 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. A key advancement in this new system is the use of 3D printing with clay, a material with a lower embodied carbon footprint compared to cement-based products. Clay's natural properties also enable it to store and release heat effectively, making it suitable for passive thermal regulation. The research team, including Saeed Sakhdari, Ilan Farahi, and Mohammed Ali, has developed three cylindrical prototypes and evaluated their thermal performance using infrared imaging. The passive cooling effect was found to vary based on the geometry and surface texture of each column, which influence the total evaporative surface area. Material porosity is another critical factor, as it must permit sufficient water evaporation without compromising the structural integrity of the clay columns. To fully assess the system's capabilities, the researchers plan to construct a full-scale room, although current prototypes are limited by the size of Virginia Tech's kiln. The cooling effect is most pronounced when the system is complemented by a fan or situated in an area with strong natural airflow. Due to the localized nature of evaporative cooling, the air directly adjacent to the structure will experience greater cooling compared to the uniform distribution achieved by conventional air conditioning. Despite this, Al believes the system holds promise for targeted applications, such as creating cool microclimates around seating areas. He also highlights the aesthetic appeal of the system, suggesting it could foster greater appreciation for sustainable, ancient cooling techniques, especially as global temperatures continue to rise. #EvaporativeCooling #3DPrinting #Clay #SustainableDesign #PassiveCooling #VirginiaTech #ArchitecturalInnovation #LowEnergyDesign #AncientTechniques

The selection of a new water heater is an important decision, considering the significant innovations in the category over recent years. While conventional storage tank water heaters remain a popular and cost-effective option, advancements in technology have introduced more energy-efficient and feature-rich alternatives like hybrid heat pump water heaters and tankless models. The Good Housekeeping Institute, in collaboration with external experts such as plumbers and homebuilders, conducts extensive testing of these appliances to identify the most reliable units on the market. Hybrid heat pump water heaters, such as the A.O. Smith Signature 900, integrate an air-source heat pump with a traditional electric storage tank. This design dramatically improves energy efficiency by extracting heat from ambient air, potentially saving homeowners up to $600 annually on energy costs. These units are also eligible for federal tax credits, making them a financially attractive long-term investment despite their higher initial cost. The A.O. Smith Signature 900 series, available in various tank sizes (50, 66, and 80 gallons), features smart technology like Wi-Fi-connected leak detectors with automatic shut-off valves, offering enhanced convenience and peace of mind. However, a key installation requirement for these models is a spacious area of at least 1,000 cubic feet to ensure optimal operating efficiency. Traditional gas storage tank water heaters, like the Rheem 50 Gallon Natural Gas Water Heater, remain a strong contender for their value and effectiveness. These units typically provide ample hot water for medium to large households. While they may not match the energy efficiency of hybrid or tankless models, their robust construction, including enamel-lined tanks and premium anode rods, promises a decade or more of reliable service. Rheem also offers electric storage tank models, such as the 50-gallon Gladiator, which includes smart features like Wi-Fi connectivity and leak detection with automatic shutoff for an additional cost. Tankless water heaters, exemplified by the A.O. Smith Signature Series with Scale Prevention and the Rheem IKONIC Indoor/Outdoor Tankless Water Heater, offer instant hot water and significant energy savings. Their compact size allows for versatile installation options, including mounting on walls or in small spaces. The A.O. Smith Signature Series received high praise from experts for its ease of installation, performance, and the inclusion of scale-prevention technology, which eliminates the need for costly annual descaling and is backed by a 15-year warranty. The Rheem IKONIC model further enhances versatility with its indoor/outdoor installation flexibility and an impressive Uniform Energy Factor (UEF) of .96, leading to nearly 40% energy cost reductions. This model is also eligible for federal tax credits and state rebates, helping to offset its initial investment. Both tankless models feature Wi-Fi connectivity, enabling remote monitoring and control, though the Rheem IKONIC requires regular maintenance for scale prevention. Condensing gas water heaters, like the State Water Heaters Premier Condensing 50 Gallon Gas Water Heater, represent another innovative advancement in storage tank technology. These models recapture heat from exhaust fumes, achieving near-tankless efficiency with a .9 UEF, making them Energy Star qualified and eligible for tax credits and rebates. State Water Heaters, a brand under A.O. Smith Corporation, is known for its reliability and is favored by plumbing professionals. These units incorporate advanced features like leak detection sensors and are available in various sizes, including a 40-gallon version for smaller households. Good Housekeeping's assessment methodology for these water heaters involves comprehensive lab testing by their engineers and external industry professionals, along with insights from trade shows and real-world consumer testing in homes. #WaterHeater #HomeAppliances #EnergyEfficiency #SmartHome #TanklessWaterHeater #HybridWaterHeater #CondensingWaterHeater #ProductReview #HomeImprovement

Maintaining optimal indoor humidity levels, typically between 30 and 50 percent, is crucial during colder months to prevent discomfort and damage to household items. When central heating systems operate, they often reduce indoor humidity significantly, leading to issues such as dry skin, irritated eyes, nose, and sinuses for residents. Furthermore, low humidity can cause wood furniture and flooring to shrink and crack, wallpaper to peel, and houseplants to wither. While humidifiers are a direct solution, several simple, everyday habits can also effectively increase moisture in the air. One effective strategy is to adjust home heating practices. Lowering the thermostat to around 68 degrees Fahrenheit, as recommended by the U.S. Department of Energy, can slow down the drying effect of central heating and simultaneously reduce energy consumption. Utilizing radiant heat sources, such as portable oil-filled radiators, can also help, as they warm spaces without excessively drying the air, unlike forced-air systems. These devices are most efficient when used in a closed room to retain heat. Evaporation is a natural and cost-effective method to introduce moisture. Placing bowls or saucers of water on elevated surfaces, especially on wide window sills where sunlight can accelerate evaporation, helps humidify a room. For homes with built-in radiators, placing water bowls on top of these units utilizes the existing heat to enhance evaporation. Similarly, placing small bowls of water near air vents can distribute moisture more effectively. Cooking on the stovetop, particularly boiling water, releases steam and increases humidity rapidly, though it's crucial not to leave boiling water unattended. Air-drying dishes by opening the dishwasher door after a cycle allows residual steam to enter the kitchen, contributing to overall humidity. Houseplants also play a role in natural humidification. Plants release moisture into the air through transpiration, and keeping them well-watered enhances this effect. Creating a humid microclimate for plants by placing them on pebble-filled trays with a shallow layer of water can benefit both the plants and the indoor air quality. Certain plants like weeping fig, peace lily, and areca palm are also known for filtering air impurities. Daily misting of plant leaves further adds moisture. Everyday activities can be leveraged for humidification. Leaving the bathroom door open while showering allows steam to escape and humidify adjacent rooms. When taking a bath, delaying drainage of the water allows it to cool and evaporate naturally. Opting to steam fabrics instead of ironing them also releases moisture into the air. Line-drying clothes indoors, especially during dry winter days, not only adds humidity but is also energy-efficient and extends the life of garments. Addressing other indoor air quality factors is also important. Keeping the home dust-free by regularly dusting surfaces and vacuuming helps minimize allergens, which can exacerbate respiratory issues in dry conditions. On warmer winter days, briefly opening windows, especially after rain, can introduce fresh, more humid air into the home. For persistent dry air issues, commercial solutions such as moisture-holding gels and crystals, which silently release water vapor, offer an additional non-electrical option to maintain comfort and protect household items from the damaging effects of low humidity. #HomeHumidity #DryAirSolutions #WinterHeating #IndoorClimate #HomeMaintenance #NaturalHumidification #EnergyEfficiency #Houseplants

The landscape of residential water heaters has evolved significantly beyond traditional gas or electric tank models, now encompassing tankless and hybrid options. This expansion offers consumers more choices but also presents challenges in selecting the most suitable unit. The article provides a comprehensive guide to understanding different water heater types, their features, and key considerations for making an informed purchase decision. It details the methodologies used to evaluate water heaters, focusing on aspects such as water capacity, power output, installation ease, and special features. The article reviews nine top-rated water heaters, categorizing them based on their strengths: Best Overall, Best Bang For The Buck, Best Tankless Electric, Best Tankless Gas, Best Energy-Efficient, Best For Large Family, Best for Hard Water, Best Mini, and Best Portable. Each recommendation includes a description of the product's specifications, pros, and cons. For instance, the A.O. Smith Signature 50-Gallon Natural Gas Heater is highlighted for its ability to deliver 81 gallons of hot water in the first hour and its high-altitude certification, despite not being Energy Star certified. The Rheem Performance Platinum 50-Gallon Water Heater is praised for its efficiency and push-button ignition, while the Stiebel Eltron Tankless Electric Water Heater is noted for its self-adjusting water flow and compact design. Key factors to consider when choosing a water heater are thoroughly discussed. These include the four main types: storage tank, tankless (on-demand), and heat pump (hybrid). Storage tank heaters, the most common, maintain a preset water temperature, while tankless heaters heat water as needed, offering an endless supply but with flow rate limitations. Hybrid models utilize ambient air heat for efficiency and incorporate electric coils as a backup. The article also compares gas versus electric water heaters, emphasizing cost differences in installation and operation, with gas typically being cheaper to run despite higher initial costs. Venting requirements are another critical factor, as gas heaters produce carbon monoxide and necessitate a ventilation system, unlike electric models. Sizing and capacity are addressed, explaining that a 40- to 50-gallon tank is generally sufficient for a household of four, with additional capacity needed for more occupants. The physical dimensions of tall and short models are provided, alongside the space-saving advantage of tankless units. The Uniform Energy Factor (UEF) is introduced as a metric for energy efficiency, clarifying that a higher UEF means more energy is converted into heating water. It also highlights that while gas units might have lower UEFs, their cheaper operating costs often make them more economical than electric heaters. The article advises examining estimated annual operating costs for a more accurate financial assessment. Additional practical considerations include the durability of drain valves (recommending brass over plastic) and the benefits of digital displays for programming and monitoring. The article concludes with a frequently asked questions section covering the lifespan of water heaters (8-12 years for tank, up to 20 for tankless), signs of a failing unit (banging noises, rust-colored water, leaks), the implications of a leaking water heater, the rare but serious risk of explosion due to pressure relief valve malfunction, and the average cost of water heater replacement (ranging from $846 to $1,702, with tankless being at the higher end). #WaterHeater #HomeImprovement #EnergyEfficiency #Plumbing #TanklessWaterHeater #HybridWaterHeater #GasWaterHeater #ElectricWaterHeater #HomeAppliances

This article details the installation of a central heat pump water heater (HPWH) in an affordable housing development called La Paz Place in Chicago, marking one of the initial deployments of this technology in a cold climate. The project is part of a broader decarbonization and electrification effort led by the nonprofits Elevate and Bickerdike Redevelopment Corporation, which have a history of enhancing building efficiency for tenants. The La Paz Place building underwent a comprehensive green makeover, removing all gas appliances and installing electric stoves, electric dryers, and air source heat pumps for space conditioning, which also provided cooling benefits previously unavailable to residents. The final challenge in the building's electrification was converting its gas water heaters to heat pumps. Central HPWHs are gaining traction in commercial buildings, particularly in milder climates like the West Coast, where retrofitting is less complex. However, colder cities like Chicago and New York face greater hurdles due to lower water and air temperatures, making such installations more challenging. The Elevate team installed the central HPWH at La Paz in late 2022, initially deploying four 80-gallon Bradford White heat pump water heaters to serve fifteen apartment units. During the initial phase, the team encountered issues with circulation pumps affecting the performance of the heat pump water heaters, necessitating additional hot water storage. To address this, an extra 200-gallon tank and two SanCo2 water heaters were integrated into the system, significantly enhancing its capacity and efficiency. A key constraint during this project was the limited electrical capacity of the building. Adding more heat pump water heaters would have required a costly upgrade to the electrical service, which the organizations aimed to avoid. Despite the initial challenges, the modified central HPWH setup has proven effective, consistently supplying sufficient hot water with high efficiency. The project provided valuable insights into system design for central HPWHs in cold climates, which Elevate and Bickerdike Redevelopment Corporation are applying to subsequent installations in other buildings. The organizations have since installed additional central HPWHs and are collaborating with the Advanced Water Heating Initiative to implement this technology in a larger building with over 50 units. This pioneering effort in Chicago demonstrates the feasibility and learning curve associated with decarbonizing water heating in challenging environmental conditions. #CentralHeatPumpWaterHeater #ColdClimateInstallation #ChicagoDecarbonization #AffordableHousing #BuildingElectrification #HeatPumpTechnology #SustainableInnovation

This article details four effective strategies employed by the author, Jenny McFarlane, to significantly reduce condensation on her bedroom windows, addressing a common household issue. The core of these solutions revolves around managing indoor humidity and temperature, and improving airflow. The first and most impactful trick involves using a dehumidifier overnight. The author explains that bedrooms can become surprisingly humid due to moisture exhaled during sleep. By running a quiet dehumidifier, such as the DryZone dehumidifier and air purifier, she noticed a substantial reduction in window misting. The device also reportedly leaves the room feeling fresher and less stuffy. The recommended placement for the dehumidifier is across from or diagonally opposite the window to maximize its effectiveness. Several top dehumidifier picks are mentioned, including the MeacoDry Arete Two, SmartAir Dry Zone, and Pro Breeze 30L High Capacity Smart Dehumidifier, highlighting their features and current prices. The second strategy is to ensure brief but consistent ventilation by opening windows for about 10 minutes every morning. This practice, though seemingly counterintuitive in cold weather, allows humid air to escape before it can condense on cold window panes. The author suggests opening the window just a sliver, emphasizing that a full opening is not necessary. This quick ventilation is described as effective in clearing out stagnant overnight air. Moving furniture slightly away from exterior walls constitutes the third trick. The author discovered that placing furniture, particularly beds and chests of drawers, flush against outside walls could trap cold, still, and humid air. This trapped air creates ideal conditions for damp patches and mold growth. By repositioning furniture approximately 5cm away from external walls, airflow is improved, preventing cold spots and moisture buildup. This simple adjustment helps to keep the surrounding areas drier. Finally, maintaining a steady room temperature is identified as the fourth key measure. The author previously turned off heating completely overnight to save energy, but this led to sudden temperature drops that exacerbated condensation. She now advocates for keeping the thermostat at a consistent, lower level, around 18 degrees Celsius. This prevents windows from becoming excessively cold, thereby reducing the surface area for moisture to condense. The use of a thermostatic timer, such as the Hive thermostat, is recommended for better control over the heating system. The article concludes by stating that adopting these simple changes has transformed the author's bedroom environment, making the air fresher and walls drier, with significantly less need for daily window wiping. It emphasizes that proactive moisture management is considerably easier than addressing damp and mold issues after they have developed. #HomeMaintenance #CondensationPrevention #Dehumidifier #IndoorAirQuality #Ventilation #TemperatureControl #HomeImprovement #EnergySaving #MouldPrevention

As summer temperatures rise, so does the reliance on air conditioning, leading to increased electricity bills. This article explores seven natural and eco-friendly do-it-yourself methods to keep a house cool, offering sustainable alternatives to technological solutions. These techniques not only aim to lower indoor temperatures but also contribute to a greener lifestyle. The first method suggests cultivating vines and shrubs around the house. Creeper vines, such as bougainvillea, Rangoon creeper, or curtain creeper, offer natural shade and promote air circulation. They are fast-growing and provide an aesthetic appeal while contributing to a cooler environment. Limewashing the terrace and exterior walls is presented as another effective strategy. Unlike regular whitewash, limewash contains slaked lime, which provides a rustic, rock-like coating that helps in reflecting sunlight and keeping the house cooler. This method can also give the house a distinctive Greek architectural feel. Incorporating indoor plants is a simple yet impactful way to cool a home. Potted plants enhance the visual appeal of any space and act as natural air purifiers. Recommendations include grape ivy, lavender, and aloe vera, which are known for their air-cleaning properties and ability to thrive indoors. Developing a terrace garden is a more involved, but highly beneficial, approach. While it requires time and patience, a terrace garden utilizes the heat-absorbing properties of soil in pots to keep the underlying structure cool. Beyond temperature regulation, it offers the added benefit of growing a variety of plants and vegetables. Straw and bamboo mats are introduced as practical insulators. Placing straw mats strategically on the terrace helps absorb heat. For optimal effectiveness, these mats should be kept wet by regular sprinkling of water. Additionally, bamboo blinds can be installed on windows and in corridors to block out direct sunlight, dust, and insects, while adding a touch of classic elegance. For a more significant structural change, plastering walls with mud and using terracotta tiles are suggested. Mud plastering has been a traditional practice in many regions, effectively lowering indoor temperatures. Terracotta tiles, widely used in construction, are also recognized for their natural cooling properties, offering a durable and effective solution. Both methods can be implemented with professional help or as a family project. Finally, installing window planters is recommended as a way to introduce greenery and cool the air. Plants in window boxes absorb heat from incoming winds, ensuring that only a pleasant breeze enters the house. These planters can also serve as small herb gardens, allowing for the cultivation of beneficial plants like tulsi, haldi, lemongrass, and curry leaves. These natural strategies collectively offer a holistic approach to summer-proofing a home, reducing reliance on energy-intensive cooling systems. #SummerProofing #NaturalCooling #DIYHomeImprovement #EcoFriendlyLiving #HomeDecor #SustainableLiving #TerraceGarden #IndoorPlants

Architect Michael K. Chen's latest project is a 600-square-foot luxury residence named Pied-à-Mer, located on the world's largest private cruise ship. The design draws inspiration from nautical-inspired midcentury modernist influences, specifically Le Corbusier’s 1952 Unite D’Habitation, which was likened to an ocean liner. This holiday apartment is designed to be highly adaptable, transforming from a spacious one-bedroom for a couple to a two-bedroom unit suitable for visits from their adult children. The apartment maximizes space efficiency by incorporating two bedrooms, two bathrooms, a kitchen, a dressing room, a sitting area, a trunk room, an entry hall, and additional storage. The core of the design relies on a series of prefabricated, pod-like volumes that serve to organize the apartment's layout and conceal various functional elements. These hidden features include fold-up cantilevered beds and integrated appliances, contributing to the apartment's shape-shifting capability. Much of the apartment’s components were prefabricated off-site, with some elements manufactured in Austria and installed in Spain during the ship's dry-dock maintenance period. Chen collaborated with yacht builders for custom architectural elements, including ribbed cladding, pods, cabinetry, and functional items like beds. A custom bronze-and-aluminum dining table, co-designed with Rush Design, folds down from the wall, and integrated LEDs are used throughout to minimize the need for additional lighting fixtures. Echoing Le Corbusier’s concept of a "machine for living," the custom-fabricated pieces feature a cool blue and gray-toned ribbed aluminum finish, providing a distinct machine aesthetic. To introduce warmth and contrast within this aesthetic, the interior is outfitted with tactile materials such as lacquered millwork, stone surfaces, and soft fabrics like mohair, velvet, and suede. Chen emphasized the importance of rounded forms, tough yet elegant materials, translucency, reflectivity, and tactility in the design. The furnishings were carefully selected to subtly convey the seafaring context through materiality, soft forms, crisp edges, and a balance of heft and lightness. Designing within the confined 600-square-foot space presented challenges, especially given the enhanced safety requirements for a vessel in constant motion. The architects had to ensure that all transforming elements operated smoothly, effortlessly, and precisely, a task made more complex by the ship’s inherent movement. They relied heavily on contractors and fabricators to achieve extreme precision in construction and had to design with greater tolerance in mind for a moving vessel. To create a sense of spaciousness, the apartment's orientation maximizes sea views, and visual clutter is reduced through concealed LEDs and continuous aluminum ribs that hide divisions, doors, and appliances. The principal bath is adorned with hammered quartzite, white glass, and a custom marble tile floor, while the guest bath features Artistic Tile stone mosaic flooring and various field tiles. This project offered valuable lessons in complex installations and rapid construction, which Chen anticipates will inform future land-based and seafaring designs. #PrefabHomes #FloatingArchitecture #LuxuryApartment #MichaelKChenArchitecture #ModularDesign #NauticalInspired #SpaceSavingSolutions #ResidentialYacht #CompactLiving

Top-floor apartments often present a challenge during summer due to their susceptibility to heat accumulation, primarily because hot air rises and they experience significant passive solar gain. This means they are exposed to more direct sunlight and less shade compared to lower floors, leading to an unbearable interior temperature if not properly managed. Older buildings with large windows further exacerbate this issue as these windows are often inefficient at blocking heat. While air conditioning provides a solution, its continuous use incurs high costs and environmental impact, prompting the need for alternative cooling strategies. Effective cooling begins with maximizing air circulation. Opening windows to create a draft and propping open doors facilitates airflow, allowing hot air to escape and cooler air to enter. Utilizing safety restrictors on windows is recommended for pet owners. Fans, though not air coolers themselves, can be optimized to improve comfort. Positioning a fan on the floor helps circulate cooler air found at lower levels. Angling fans towards windows can push hot air out, and using two fans—one pushing air out and another drawing cool air in—can create an efficient cross-breeze, especially with windows on opposing walls. Placing a bowl of ice or frozen water bottles in front of a fan enhances its cooling effect by circulating chilled air. Ceiling fans are also beneficial, and running them counter-clockwise in summer can reduce room temperature by several degrees. Strategic use of air conditioning and windows is crucial. It’s often more energy-efficient and cost-effective to open windows when the outdoor temperature is lower than indoors, rather than immediately resorting to AC. This is particularly relevant in the evenings when homes retain heat from the day. Only close windows when AC is running or when the outdoor temperature exceeds the indoor temperature to maintain coolness. Reducing heat-generating appliances is another significant step. Activities like running dryers, dishwashers, and ovens contribute substantial heat. Air-drying clothes, handwashing dishes, or using energy-efficient appliances like air fryers for cooking can minimize internal heat production. Old incandescent light bulbs are major heat sources; switching to smart LEDs or CFLs can drastically cut down heat emission and energy consumption. Managing internal heat distribution involves closing doors strategically. While hot air naturally rises, keeping doors to lower floors closed can somewhat contain this. Doors to particularly sunny or unused rooms should also remain shut to prevent their heat from spreading throughout the apartment. Preventing heat entry is paramount. Drawing blinds and curtains, especially blackout curtains or cellular blinds designed for insulation, blocks passive solar gain, stopping heat from entering in the first place. For those on the very top floor, addressing roof insulation with the property owner is vital, as poor insulation can lead to significant heat transfer. Finally, controlling humidity is essential, as high humidity makes heat feel more oppressive. Using a dehumidifier with windows and doors closed can significantly improve comfort levels by removing moisture from the air. #ApartmentLiving #SummerCooling #HeatReduction #EnergyEfficiency #HomeComfort #InteriorClimateControl #PassiveCooling #AirCirculation

Electric tankless water heaters offer a space-saving and cost-effective alternative to traditional tank water heaters, providing hot water on demand and reducing monthly heating bills. Unlike gas models, electric tankless units are generally more energy-efficient and easier to install as they do not require venting. This guide explores key considerations for choosing the best electric tankless water heater, including types, flow rate, efficiency ratings, installation, maintenance, and additional features. Two main types of electric tankless water heaters exist: whole-house and point-of-use (POU). Whole-house solutions are suitable for replacing traditional tanks and do not require additional plumbing. POU heaters, often more economical for new constructions or guest accommodations, heat water closer to the point of use, minimizing energy waste from water cooling in long pipes. While portability is limited due to permanent wiring requirements, mini-tank models offer plug-in options for specific needs. Flow rate, measured in gallons per minute (GPM), is a critical factor for tankless water heaters. The required GPM depends on the number of fixtures in a home; for example, a 1- or 2-bath home typically needs around 5 GPM, while a 3- or 4-bath home requires a 10 GPM unit. The temperature of the incoming water significantly impacts a unit's effective GPM. For instance, a unit rated for 6 GPM based on 75-degree Fahrenheit incoming water might only produce 1.4 GPM in colder climates like Iowa. Therefore, it is crucial to consider temperature rise specifications and consult a qualified professional for accurate sizing based on local conditions. Efficiency is a major advantage of electric tankless water heaters, as they only consume energy when hot water is needed. While gas models often use the Uniform Energy Factor (UEF) rating, electric models typically use the older Energy Factor (EF) or a percentage efficiency rating. Electric tankless heaters boast efficiency ratings of 98% or 99%, compared to 80% to 93% for gas models. An EF rating above 90 is considered strong for electric units, indicating substantial energy savings and environmental benefits. Installation of electric tankless water heaters is simpler than gas counterparts due to the absence of venting requirements, allowing for more flexible placement. While small units might run on 120V, larger, more powerful models often require a 240V supply and multiple dedicated breakers. Homeowners should assess their electrical panel capacity or consult a licensed electrician. Regular maintenance, such as checking screen filters and occasional flushing with white vinegar, is recommended to ensure peak performance and extend the unit's lifespan, which can exceed 20 years. Additional features often include digital displays for temperature control, preset temperature memory, adjustable flow control for energy conservation, and error code diagnostics. Most units operate quietly, with some claiming completely silent operation. Physical dimensions are generally compact, but can be a factor for POU installations. These devices represent a modern, efficient solution for household hot water needs. #ElectricTanklessWaterHeater #HomeImprovement #EnergyEfficiency #Plumbing #WaterHeaterInstallation #HomeMaintenance #DIYHomeProjects #ApplianceReview

Radiant cooling systems offer energy efficiency and enhanced thermal comfort compared to traditional convective cooling, but their application in hot and humid climates is limited by insufficient cooling capacity and condensation risk. Previous research has explored the use of infrared-transparent membranes (DIMs) to separate the air-contact surface from the cooling source, allowing for lower cooling source temperatures while maintaining the air-contact surface above the dew point. This approach is effective for chilled ceilings with high emissivity (above 0.9), where radiant heat transfer is substantial. However, for metal chilled ceilings with low emissivity (around 0.2–0.3), DIMs can reduce radiant heat transfer, leading to inadequate cooling capacity. This paper introduces a novel solution: adaptive double-skin infrared membranes (a-DIMs). These membranes consist of a high-emissivity radiation-cooling membrane and a high-transparency air-contact membrane. The high-emissivity membrane functions as the primary radiant cooling surface, effectively replacing the low-emissivity chilled ceiling and boosting radiant heat flux. Simultaneously, the high-transparency membrane facilitates significant radiant heat transfer from the cooling load to the chilled ceiling. A combined heat transfer analysis, incorporating semi-transparent surface radiation and natural convection, was conducted to predict the cooling capacity of this condensation-free radiant cooling system. The findings demonstrate a significant improvement in cooling capacity with the implementation of a-DIMs. For instance, using a-DIMs composed of a high-emissivity membrane (0.96) and a high-transparency membrane (0.87) can achieve a cooling capacity of up to 101.9 W/m², representing a twofold increase compared to conventional metal chilled ceilings with a low emissivity of 0.2. Furthermore, this capacity is 25% higher than that achieved with the infrared transparent DIMs presented in earlier work. The results also indicate that a-DIMs can more than double the cooling capacity of low-emissivity metal chilled ceilings across various humidity levels, while effectively preventing condensation. The air-contact surface temperature using a-DIMs was calculated to be 17.6°C, and 23.5°C using DIMs, both exceeding the dew point of 17.5°C in the example provided, thus eliminating condensation risk. Further analysis explored the impact of different parameters. Increasing the emissivity of the radiation-cooling membrane was shown to enhance cooling capacity, especially for low-emissivity chilled ceilings. The transmittance of the air-contact membrane, while not significantly affecting condensation, plays a crucial role in overall cooling capacity, with higher transmittance leading to better performance. The thickness of the interlayer between the membranes also influences the air-contact surface temperature, with greater thickness contributing to improved condensation prevention safety. The study also evaluated the performance under varying environmental humidity, showing that while cooling capacity decreases with increasing relative humidity, the performance improvement relative to conventional radiant cooling becomes more pronounced. These findings offer valuable guidance for designing high-performance, condensation-free radiant cooling systems, particularly for applications involving low-emissivity metal chilled ceilings. #RadiantCooling #CondensationFree #CoolingCapacity #InfraredMembranes #LowEmissivityChilledCeiling #ThermalEngineering #BuildingEnergyEfficiency #HeatTransfer #AdaptiveMembranes

This article reviews the best tankless gas water heaters, highlighting their energy efficiency and space-saving benefits compared to traditional tank water heaters. It provides a comprehensive guide for homeowners to select a suitable unit based on their needs, lifestyle, and budget. The article outlines key factors to consider before purchasing, such as the choice between natural gas and propane models, indoor versus outdoor applications, flow rate (GPM), power input (BTU), and venting options, including direct-vent and power-vent systems. It also differentiates between condensing and non-condensing units, explaining their respective efficiencies and cost implications. The review features four top picks: the Rinnai RU180iN High-Efficiency Tankless Water Heater as the best overall, praised for its 10 GPM flow rate and 0.95 energy factor, suitable for large homes. The Rinnai V65iN High-Efficiency Tankless Water Heater is presented as a runner-up, offering Wi-Fi connectivity and a 6.5 GPM flow rate for small to medium-sized homes with a 0.82 energy factor. For a budget-friendly option, the Rinnai V53DeP High-Efficiency Tankless Water Heater is recommended, designed for outdoor installation in warm climates, providing 5.3 GPM. Lastly, the Camplux 5L 1.32 GPM Tankless Water Heater is highlighted as the best portable option for outdoor activities like camping, offering 1.32 GPM. The article emphasizes the importance of professional installation for all tankless gas water heaters due to the need for safe gas line connections. It also addresses frequently asked questions regarding installation, flushing a condensing unit (recommended annually with vinegar to prevent mineral buildup), and checking gas pressure. It notes that switching from an electric water heater to a gas model can involve significant additional costs for new gas supply lines and vents. The selection process involved evaluating reliability, energy-saving features, flow rates, efficient gas consumption, and additional technologies to optimize utility bill savings, considering various household sizes and even a portable outdoor use case. Key considerations for sizing a tankless water heater correctly include calculating the household's peak GPM needs based on simultaneous hot water usage by various appliances and fixtures. The article provides examples for calculating GPM and explains how BTU input relates to heating effectiveness, offering a general rule of thumb for BTU requirements based on the number of bathrooms and family members. Understanding venting types is crucial, with direct-vent systems drawing in outdoor air and expelling exhaust outdoors, and power-vent systems drawing indoor air and forcing exhaust outside via a fan. The choice between condensing and non-condensing units involves a trade-off between higher upfront costs for greater energy efficiency (up to 90% for condensing) and lower initial costs for less efficiency (around 80% for non-condensing). #TanklessWaterHeater #GasWaterHeater #EnergyEfficiency #HomeImprovement #PlumbingSystems #Rinnai #Camplux #HomeUtilities #WaterHeating

This article explores the role of specific houseplants in managing indoor humidity and condensation, presenting seven varieties known for their moisture-absorbing properties. It addresses the common household issue of excess moisture, especially during colder months, which can lead to condensation on windows and damp walls. While acknowledging that dehumidifiers are highly effective, the article highlights how certain plants can serve as a natural, complementary solution. The article begins by explaining the science behind how some plants reduce humidity by absorbing moisture from the air, recommending their placement in areas prone to condensation, such as near windows. Shannen Godwin, a gardening expert, notes that these plants are particularly helpful during the cold season. The primary focus is on seven specific plant types, detailing their benefits and care requirements. First, the Areca palm is identified as a great option for moisture regulation, capable of absorbing and releasing moisture into the air. Its preference for humid environments means it thrives in damp spots, making it a symbiotic choice for moisture-prone areas. Second, the Spider plant, a popular and easy-to-care-for houseplant, is highlighted for its efficiency in absorbing excess moisture and improving indoor air quality. Its adaptability makes it suitable for plant novices, and propagating its 'babies' allows for broader distribution throughout a home. Third, the Chinese evergreen (_Aglaonema_) is recommended for its effectiveness in reducing humidity levels and its ability to cleanse the home of toxins like formaldehyde. It is noted as an 'unkillable' plant, ideal for those seeking low-maintenance options. Fourth, the Peace lily (_Spathiphyllum_) is celebrated for its air-purifying qualities and its capacity to reduce humidity by releasing moisture through its leaves. It also absorbs mould spores, preventing their spread, but requires careful watering and should be kept away from pets due to its toxicity. Fifth, Aloe vera, commonly known for its medicinal uses, is presented as a succulent plant that effectively absorbs moisture and reduces indoor humidity. It requires bright light and well-drained soil, with minimal watering. Sixth, the Boston fern (_Nephrolepsis_) is praised for its lush green foliage and its ability to eliminate airborne moisture, making it particularly suitable for bathrooms. It is described as an undemanding plant in terms of maintenance and light requirements. Lastly, the Snake plant (mother-in-law’s tongue) is included for its moisture-absorbing capabilities and its capacity to remove harmful chemicals from the air. Like the Boston fern, it thrives in humid environments and requires minimal maintenance, making it another ideal choice for new plant owners or high-humidity areas like bathrooms. The article also addresses frequently asked questions, discussing whether plants can truly act as dehumidifiers. It clarifies that while some plants, especially those that love humidity like ferns, peace lilies, Calathea, and spider plants, absorb moisture through their leaves, others can actually increase humidity through transpiration. It emphasizes that plants with thin, delicate leaves generally prefer higher humidity. The peace lily and Boston fern are cited as top moisture absorbers, with air plants (_Tillandsia_) also noted for their ability to draw moisture from the air. The article concludes with a crucial caveat: while houseplants can assist with humidity, they are not a substitute for professional solutions for serious damp problems, urging readers to invest in a dehumidifier and seek expert advice when necessary. #Houseplants #CondensationControl #HumidityRegulation #HomeDecor #IndoorAirQuality #PlantCare #EcoFriendlySolutions #DampPrevention #ArecaPalm

This podcast episode features Andrew, Ian, and Patrick addressing a variety of listener questions and feedback related to home building and maintenance. The episode begins with listeners sharing their experiences. Jon from Centreville, MD, discusses his satisfaction with a Rheem 80-gallon heat pump water heater, highlighting its energy efficiency and dehumidifying benefits in his basement. He notes a $500 rebate and significant yearly savings compared to conventional electric resistance heaters. Paul, a home inspector from the East Bay, provides insights on subterranean termites, clarifying that they typically access homes through the inside of the foundation, making exterior foam less vulnerable. He advises against borate treatments for exterior use due to their water solubility and suggests perimeter treatments by a structural pest operator for concerned homeowners. Ron advocates for Structural Concrete Insulated Panels (SCIP) as the future of affordable, high-performance home building, citing their resilience to natural disasters, elimination of wood-related issues, inherent insulation and air tightness, and quick construction times, estimating a 1200 sq ft home could be built in under four weeks by three people. Nick shares his positive experience replacing an electric water heater with a heat pump unit, detailing how the unit's energy usage was even lower than estimated and led to substantial savings for his family of five, reinforcing the financial and environmental benefits of the upgrade. The podcast then transitions to listener questions. Jim asks about a blue substance observed on framing in a Wall Street Journal article, questioning its purpose, such as rot or termite prevention, and its application method. Will from Fort Worth, Texas, seeks advice on an open soffit project for his 1959 ranch-style home. He has begun enclosing his exposed rafters with quarter-inch plywood but neglected ventilation. He inquires about the necessity of venting, appropriate products, spacing for vents, and the suitability of quarter-inch plywood for the job, especially since the attic was previously sealed. Ryan from Houston, Texas, living in a year-round humid climate, is considering a whole-house dehumidifier like the Aprilaire 100 to reduce energy costs, extend his air conditioner's lifespan, and prevent mold. He has a 1.5-story home with separate AC units for upstairs and downstairs and plans to improve existing ductwork. He asks if a whole-house dehumidifier is the optimal solution or if other steps are more crucial, noting his home's indoor humidity is often in the high 50s to low 60s during summer. Jonathan from Silver Spring, Maryland, describes his civic association's unsuccessful attempt to start a tool lending library. The main obstacle was securing liability insurance, as companies were unwilling to cover the civic association board due to the perceived risk of loaning potentially dangerous tools, even with waivers, leading to the project's abandonment. #heatPumpWaterHeater #termitePrevention #SCIPPanels #soffitVentilation #wholeHouseDehumidifier #homeBuildingFuture #energyEfficiency #toolLendingLibrary #homeMaintenance

Radiant heating systems, prevalent in Europe and gaining popularity in the United States, offer an efficient alternative to conventional forced hot air. These systems effectively warm surfaces and subsequently the entire contents of a home, creating an enveloping comfort. Historical precedents for radiant heating date back to ancient Roman hypocausts, which heated bathhouses and homes from beneath. Modern systems, while more sophisticated, operate on the same principle of energy transference from warmer to colder objects. There are two primary types of radiant heating systems: hydronic and electric. Hydronic systems, favored by the Radiant Professionals Alliance (RPA), utilize cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) tubing to circulate heated water beneath floors. This tubing is durable and corrosion-resistant. A boiler heats the water, which then flows through the closed-loop system. Hydronic systems are ideally installed during new construction due to their complexity, with estimated costs ranging from $8 to $10 per square foot. These systems can lead to energy cost savings of 15% to 50% compared to forced-air systems, depending on the home's location, construction quality, and insulation levels. Proper insulation in walls and attics is crucial for maximizing the effectiveness of above-ground hydronic installations. A minor drawback is the potential redundancy if air conditioning ducts are also installed, though manufacturers are developing integrated radiant cooling systems. Electric radiant floor heating systems are a more suitable retrofit option for existing homes or for warming smaller areas, such as bathrooms. These systems consist of heat-resistant wire coils integrated into mats or rolls, functioning similarly to an electric blanket under the floor. They can warm a small area to a comfortable temperature in under an hour and are controlled by programmable thermostats. An innovative electric system, STEP Warmfloor by Electro Plastics Inc., uses low-voltage polymer technology with thin wires that warm plastic. This system is self-regulating, preventing overheating by limiting the maximum temperature to 85 degrees Fahrenheit. It can operate on AC current via a 24-volt transformer or DC current from solar or wind power sources. Installation costs for STEP Warmfloor are estimated between $11 and $15 per square foot and require an electrician for connection to the power source. Beyond interior applications, radiant heating systems are also employed outdoors as "snowmelt" systems for sidewalks and driveways. These systems heat surfaces to 38 degrees Fahrenheit, causing snow and ice to evaporate. This method efficiently clears pathways without the need for manual shoveling or damaging decorative concrete, stone, or brick. Outdoor snowmelt systems can be either electrical or hydronic, with antifreeze added to the circulating water in hydronic versions. The STEP Warmfloor product can also be installed under rooftops to prevent the formation of ice dams near overhangs and gutters. Consumers are increasingly recognizing the benefits of radiant heating, driven by long-term energy savings and the superior comfort they provide. The even distribution of heat, unlike the sometimes patchy warmth of forced-air systems, creates a consistent and encompassing warmth that users often describe as a "blanket of comfort." #RadiantHeating #HomeComfort #EnergyEfficiency #HydronicHeating #ElectricHeating #SnowmeltSystems #HomeImprovement #SustainableLiving #InteriorDesign