Best Management Practices to Maintain Catch Basins to Prevent Pollution

Urban flooding, particularly basement flooding, represents a major source of disaster loss globally, incurring substantial insured and uninsured losses, property damage, and significant negative impacts on residents and communities. This review paper explores the complex interplay of factors contributing to urban flood risk and critically examines the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing private-side (building- and lot-scale) flood mitigation strategies. Urban flooding is primarily caused by intense rainfall events that overwhelm existing drainage infrastructure, leading to street and basement inundation. In Canada, this issue is a leading cause of disaster-related financial losses. Beyond monetary costs, urban flooding carries substantial non-monetary and indirect consequences, such as health risks from sewage backup, loss of irreplaceable sentimental items, and psychological stress for affected households. The vulnerability of renters in basement apartments is particularly highlighted, especially as planning policies increasingly promote basement units as affordable housing options, often with inadequate renter's insurance coverage. Effective urban flood risk reduction often necessitates interventions on both public and private property. While municipalities manage public infrastructure, many critical flood risk factors, such as inflow/infiltration (I/I) from downspouts and foundation drains, and lot grading issues, must be addressed at the private property level. Numerous private-side mitigation options exist, including backwater valves to prevent sewer surcharge and foundation drainage systems to combat infiltration. These measures are supported by guidelines such as the Canadian Standards Association CSA Z800-18. However, the successful adoption and sustained performance of private-side flood mitigation measures face several challenges. Public awareness and engagement remain significant hurdles, as municipal subsidy programs often see low uptake despite financial incentives. The complexity of buried systems, the perception that flood mitigation benefits are not immediately apparent (unlike energy saving measures), and the belief that flood responsibility lies solely with municipalities contribute to this reluctance. Costly retrofitting for existing homes and the need for regular maintenance further complicate implementation. Another challenge lies in the uncertain efficacy of these interventions. Diagnosing the precise cause of basement flooding can be difficult, as overland, infiltration, and sewer backup floods are often interrelated and can occur simultaneously. This ambiguity makes it challenging for homeowners, insurance providers, and municipal authorities to determine appropriate intervention solutions. Furthermore, a misalignment between basic construction code requirements and the specific installation needs of some flood mitigation devices (e.g., backwater valves needing steeper slopes than typically permitted) can compromise long-term performance. Municipal programs tend to focus on I/I and sewer backup protection, often overlooking more complex, multi-mechanism flood scenarios. The paper identifies crucial opportunities and offers recommendations for improving flood protection. Research into the performance of both catchment-scale green infrastructure and private-side mitigation technologies is expanding, demonstrating the potential of solutions like blue-green infrastructure and highlighting the importance of disconnecting residential foundation drainage systems from sewers. Behavioral economics and disaster risk reduction perception studies provide insights into motivating homeowners, emphasizing self-efficacy and response efficacy over information-deficit models. Key recommendations for reducing urban flood risk include: enhancing understanding of the specific causes and driving factors of basement flooding at a site-specific level; conducting more research into the performance, suitability, and optimization of private-side mitigation measures under varying conditions and over long periods; addressing the voluntary adoption challenge through improved public engagement strategies that foster homeowner understanding and commitment to maintenance; developing non-voluntary methods, such as updated building codes and retrofit requirements, to ensure widespread implementation during opportune moments like renovations or property sales; and establishing iterative processes where real-world experience informs continuous improvement in flood risk reduction strategies. Ultimately, these efforts aim to provide homeowners with more effective tools to protect against urban flooding and its damaging consequences. #UrbanFlooding #BasementFlooding #FloodMitigation #PrivateSideApproaches #WastewaterManagement #StormwaterManagement #FloodRiskReduction #BuildingCodes #HomeownerEngagement

Water accumulation in yards after rainstorms can lead to significant issues, including damage to grass, foundation leaks, and creating breeding grounds for mosquitoes. While modern subdivisions often incorporate drainage systems to direct runoff, these measures may not always be sufficient to prevent localized flooding on individual properties. Addressing these drainage problems promptly is crucial to maintain a healthy yard and protect a home’s structural integrity. Initially, contacting local zoning and planning authorities can be beneficial, as they might offer solutions or assistance without cost to the homeowner. Should the issue fall outside municipal jurisdiction, homeowners have several effective strategies to mitigate excess water. Daniel O’Brian, a technical expert from SupplyHouse.com, outlines key drainage and landscaping techniques. One method involves diverting water underground through French drains. These perforated pipes are buried in trenches filled with pea gravel, collecting surface water from low-lying areas and directing it to a curbside storm drain. The use of flexible piping allows for adaptation around existing yard features like tree roots. Another critical aspect is improving the yard's grade. A minimum slope of 2 percent away from the house is recommended for efficient drainage, preventing water from pooling or seeping into the foundation, which can cause significant structural problems. This can be achieved by adding topsoil to low spots and around the foundation. For flooded patios and walkways, which can remain unusable for days, storm drain channels provide a solution. These channels, installed along the lowest slope of paved areas, capture water and direct it into a buried French drain system, effectively moving water away from foot traffic. Protecting the home's foundation, especially areas with basement windows and window wells, is paramount. These areas are prone to water collection and potential leaks. Installing a sump pump with a backup battery in a collection tank directly beneath the window well offers a reliable way to pump out accumulated water and redirect it away from the house. For persistently soggy areas, creating a rain garden presents an aesthetically pleasing and natural solution. These gardens consist of depressions filled with porous soil and plants that thrive in standing water, absorbing and filtering runoff. Rain gardens can be scaled to fit specific needs, and multiple gardens or a single large one fed by a buried perforated pipe can address extensive flooding. Finally, for properties where water soaks into the ground relatively quickly, dry wells offer another option. Similar to rain gardens in their placement in low-lying areas, dry wells use buried tanks to collect and slowly release excess water into the surrounding soil. They often feature a grate for water entry and inspection. Dry wells can be installed at downspout runoff paths or fed by French drains and perforated pipes, providing a discrete solution for managing water infiltration. #YardDrainage #WaterManagement #FrenchDrain #YardGrading #SumpPump #RainGarden #DryWell #HomeImprovement #LandscapeDesign

A musty-smelling shed is not merely an annoyance but often signals underlying issues such as trapped moisture and undetected leaks. Addressing this problem promptly is crucial, as highlighted by HVAC professionals. Musty odors typically indicate the presence of moisture in areas where it shouldn't be, a common occurrence in sheds due to limited airflow, potential chemical spills, and significant temperature fluctuations that lead to condensation. These conditions foster microbial growth, including mold, mildew, and bacterial colonies. Stagnant air, temperature swings, and organic materials like dust, insulation fibers, or cardboard contribute to this environment. Mold, mildew, or damp insulation can accumulate discreetly, releasing a characteristic musty smell. If moisture cannot escape, it permeates wood, cardboard, or fabric, initiating the odor. To combat musty odors, several expert-recommended methods can be employed. First, sealing gaps in and around shed doors, windows, and panels is essential to prevent rainwater and moisture infiltration. This includes adding a vapor barrier, such as a plastic tarp or heavy-duty landscaping fabric, underneath the shed to reduce ground moisture from rising through the floor, particularly if the structure rests directly on the ground. Second, proper ventilation is critical. Opening windows or leaving the shed door ajar on dry days significantly improves airflow, allowing moist air to escape and accelerating drying. Regular ventilation disrupts the damp conditions conducive to mold growth. For more severe cases, installing a roof vent or turbine, similar to those used in attics, can effectively pull hot, moist air out. Third, replacing cardboard boxes with plastic bins is advised. Cardboard readily absorbs moisture, creating a breeding ground for mold and mildew. Switching to sealed plastic containers improves storage conditions by preventing moisture absorption. Fourth, controlling indoor humidity levels is vital. Dehumidifiers are highly effective in removing moisture. Additionally, moisture-absorbing products like calcium chloride or even household items like baking soda and activated charcoal can absorb excess moisture and odors. Monitoring humidity levels with a hygrometer, aiming for 30% to 50%, is also recommended. Fifth, placing additional odor absorbers inside the shed enhances freshness. Baking soda and activated charcoal are inexpensive yet effective options. Sixth, decluttering the shed regularly helps. Stored items such as cardboard, paper, fabric, and half-empty paint cans attract and retain moisture, harboring mold spores. Removing unnecessary items, especially those that have absorbed water, creates more open space, improving air circulation and keeping surfaces dry. Seventh, resealing the shed's flooring is beneficial. Sanding and sealing wood floors block lingering odors and prevent further moisture absorption. Unfinished wood is particularly prone to retaining moisture and attracting mold spores. A sealant or mold-resistant paint can reduce odors and simplify cleaning. Eighth, regular cleaning of the shed, particularly with vinegar, is effective in tackling musty odors. Vinegar's antifungal properties kill mold and mildew. A diluted vinegar solution can be used to wipe down wood surfaces, followed by an anti-fungal spray to prevent recurrence. Ninth, inspecting the shed's roof for leaks is crucial. Even minor leaks can cause hidden moisture issues in walls or ceilings, indicated by water stains or soft spots. Patching or replacing damaged panels prevents further moisture intrusion. By implementing these measures, a fresh-smelling and dry shed can be maintained, preventing the issues associated with musty odors. #ShedMaintenance #OdorRemoval #MoistureControl #Ventilation #MoldPrevention #HumidityManagement #ShedStorage #HomeImprovement #CleaningTips

Maintaining an above ground pool effectively involves a series of regular steps to ensure its longevity and the quality of its water. These pools offer a more affordable and simpler alternative to in-ground pools, generally requiring less complex maintenance. A crucial, though indirect, tip for pool owners is to install a sump pump in the basement of their house. This preemptive measure can prevent significant water damage and the growth of hazardous mold and mildew should a pool leak occur, as highlighted by Chuck Naish of City Residential Foundation Repair. Water chemistry is paramount, starting with regular chlorine level checks. Chlorine is vital for sanitizing pool water by eliminating algae, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Since sunlight, sunscreen, and sweat can degrade chlorine, levels should be tested every other day, aiming for two to four parts per million (ppm). Following this, weekly shock treatments are recommended, typically involving a powdered chlorine form. Laurie Wilkins of Call Outdoors blog emphasizes that this process oxidizes contaminants, thereby allowing the regular chlorine to function more effectively in cleaning the water. Equally important is maintaining the pool's pH level, which should ideally be between 7.2 and 7.6. pH levels outside this range can diminish the efficacy of pool chemicals. Digital pH readers can simplify this task, with testing advised every other day. Mechanical maintenance is also key; the pool's pump should operate for at least eight hours daily to ensure continuous water circulation. Moving water deters algae growth and directs debris towards the filter, contributing to cleaner, clearer water. The specific running time for a pump should be confirmed in its owner's manual. Pool filters, regardless of their type, serve the essential function of capturing debris. They require weekly cleaning by hosing down the cartridge and timely replacement according to manufacturer guidelines. Pump and skimmer baskets, which trap larger debris, should also be cleaned at least once a week, or more frequently if environmental factors like nearby trees contribute to more debris. It is critical to turn off the pool pump and heater before cleaning these baskets. Even with a robust filtration system, some debris will remain, necessitating regular vacuuming. Using a pool vacuum at least once a week helps maintain water clarity, prevents algae, and enhances the effectiveness of chemical treatments. Robotic vacuums, such as the Dolphin E10, are often preferred for above ground pools. A solar blanket is another beneficial accessory, protecting the pool from rain and debris while leveraging solar energy to heat the water and significantly reduce evaporation. Steve Goodale, a technical specialist, notes that a solar blanket can reduce thermal loss by 95 percent, leading to energy cost savings. It should be used whenever the pool is not in use. Finally, proper winterization is crucial for pools that cannot be disassembled. This involves a thorough final cleaning, balancing chemicals, adding specific winterizing chemicals, clearing and storing pool lines, removing or protecting the skimmer, and packing away accessories like filters, pumps, and ladders. The water level should be lowered if the skimmer is not removed, and the pool should be covered with an air pillow and cover. Contrary to common belief, pool professionals advise against draining above ground pools completely before winter, suggesting passive winterization methods instead. #AboveGroundPoolMaintenance #PoolCare #WaterChemistry #ChlorineTreatment #pHBalance #PoolFiltration #PoolCleaning #SolarBlanket #Winterization

Mould growth in homes and buildings is a common issue, especially during prolonged wet weather or after flooding. It can appear on various surfaces like clothes, walls, doors, furniture, and ceilings. If not properly addressed, mould can lead to significant health problems. This guide provides comprehensive advice on preventing and removing mould, emphasizing the importance of proper ventilation and moisture control. After a flood, it's crucial to open all doors and windows in affected buildings to facilitate drying. Using air conditioners in dry mode or fans can accelerate this process. Roof spaces, if flooded, require extra ventilation. Porous items that have been wet for more than two days and cannot be easily cleaned, such as mattresses, carpets, leather goods, and ceiling insulation, should be discarded. Controlling moisture is key to prevention, which involves repairing leaky plumbing and roofs promptly. Incorporating anti-mould solutions into paint when redecorating can also help. Plants and bushes near exterior walls should be cleared to reduce moisture retention. Moisture-removing packs in wardrobes and regular dusting can further deter mould. In enclosed spaces, infrared or UVC lamps may prevent mould on clothes and shoes. Continuous air circulation with fans and the use of dehumidifiers are also recommended. For recurring mould issues, identifying and rectifying the source, such as plumbing problems or structural leaks, is essential. Individuals with mould allergies or compromised immune systems are advised against cleaning mould themselves and should instead hire professional removal services. Cleaning mould from shoes, fabrics, and soft furnishings requires specific precautions. Personal protective equipment, including rubber gloves, N-95 masks, eye protection, covered shoes, and long-sleeved attire, is necessary, along with a well-ventilated workspace. While clove oil can be effective on fabric, hospital-grade disinfectant is recommended for leather and semi-porous materials like suitcases. Microfibre cloths are preferred for their ability to trap spores. For mould on soft furnishings, a HEPA-rated vacuum should be used to prevent spore dispersal. If mould persists after vacuuming, the item should be disposed of. For clothes with widespread mould, vacuuming followed by washing in warm vinegar water is suggested, with disposal as a last resort if cleaning is ineffective. On hard surfaces like plasterboard, the process involves initial cleaning with a detergent like sugar soap to remove physical mould and dirt. Subsequently, bleach, hospital-grade disinfectant, or hydrogen peroxide can be used to kill residual mould. Vinegar, particularly canning vinegar for its strength, is also an option, though caution is advised due to its irritating properties. A three-bucket system with multiple microfibre cloths should be employed to prevent cross-contamination, with cloths rinsed in separate buckets. Used cleaning cloths can be washed on a hot cycle with vinegar, provided it is safe for the washing machine. For wooden furniture, microfibre cloths and hospital-grade disinfectant are recommended, avoiding bleach and hydrogen peroxide which can cause damage or discolouration. Again, a three-bucket rinsing system for cloths is crucial. Safety during mould removal includes ensuring good ventilation, wearing protective gear, and avoiding brushing mouldy areas to prevent airborne spore inhalation. Items that cannot be thoroughly cleaned, such as cardboard boxes and mattresses, should be discarded. #MouldRemoval #HomeMaintenance #FloodRecovery #MoistureControl #HouseholdCleaning #HealthHazards #Disinfectants #AirQuality #PreventativeMeasures

Melbourne's drainage system is a complex network designed to channel stormwater away from urban areas, thereby mitigating the risk of flooding. This comprehensive system, however, cannot entirely prevent floods during periods of extreme rainfall. The drainage infrastructure is segmented into several key components: 1,400 kilometers of regional drains managed by Melbourne Water, 25,000 kilometers of local drains and street gutters overseen by local councils, and building roof gutters, downpipes, and pipelines, which are the responsibility of individual property owners. Additionally, other specialized drains are managed by agencies such as VicRoads and VicTrack. The journey of stormwater begins when rain falls. While some water naturally infiltrates the ground, the remaining runoff is directed away from properties. Initially, water enters household gutters and downpipes, subsequently flowing into residential drains. These residential drains then channel the stormwater into larger council drains, which are typically situated along roads and footpaths. From there, council drains connect to Melbourne Water's extensive regional drainage network, capable of handling substantial water flows. The regional drains ultimately direct the stormwater into the nearest rivers or creeks. In certain urban areas, the water may also pass through artificial wetlands, which serve to slow down the flow and filter out pollutants before the stormwater finally reaches Port Phillip and Western Port bays via these rivers, creeks, or sometimes directly through piped beach outlets. Effective management of this intricate drainage system is a collaborative effort between Melbourne Water and local councils. This involves regular inspection and maintenance of drains to remove debris and prevent blockages, continuous monitoring and operation of pump stations, tidal gates, and diversion gates to regulate water flows, and the ongoing upgrading and construction of new infrastructure to enhance flood risk reduction, especially as Melbourne's urban footprint expands. Property owners also play a crucial role in this management by keeping their gutters and drains clear of debris, reporting any blocked drains to the relevant authorities, and considering the installation of rainwater tanks or garden features to reduce the volume of stormwater discharged from their homes. It is imperative to note the inherent dangers associated with stormwater drains; unauthorized entry is illegal, hazardous, and has resulted in fatalities. Water levels within these drains can surge rapidly and without warning, and there is also a risk of encountering poisonous gases or hidden slopes that can lead to falls. Consequently, warning signs are strategically placed at drain entrances across Melbourne to alert the public to these dangers. Despite the robust design of the drainage system to handle most common storms, intense rainfall can overwhelm its capacity, leading to flooding. This challenge is further compounded by the effects of climate change and continued urban growth. Preventing all flooding through the construction of new drains is not economically viable or practically feasible due to the immense costs, potential for significant disruption, and geographical constraints, such as parts of Melbourne being built on former swampland or lacking space for additional infrastructure. Therefore, Melbourne Water meticulously evaluates any new flood infrastructure projects, balancing economic, environmental, and social considerations. The organization prioritizes high-risk areas where interventions can yield the most significant impact and collaborates with various other entities to implement a range of strategies aimed at minimizing flood impacts, including the use of retarding basins to temporarily store stormwater during heavy rainfall events. #MelbourneWater #DrainageSystem #StormwaterManagement #FloodRiskReduction #UrbanPlanning #WaterManagement #EnvironmentalProtection #CommunitySafety #ClimateChangeAdaptation

Water damage is a common concern for homeowners, stemming not only from external climate-related disasters like hurricanes and floods but also, more frequently, from internal issues within the home. According to Jennifer Naughton, Executive Vice President and Risk Consulting Officer at Chubb Personal Risk Services, non-weather-related water losses, primarily from plumbing supply systems, are the leading cause of property damage. These issues can include failures in supply lines, joints, valves, pipe bursts, and appliance malfunctions such as ice makers, dishwashers, and water heaters. While this list may seem extensive, most of these leaks are preventable through diligent maintenance and proactive measures. Experts, including Naughton and Mallory Micetich, a home expert at Angi, emphasize several key strategies to prevent costly water damage. Regular plumbing maintenance is crucial, as burst pipes are a primary cause of leaks. Clogs, pipe corrosion, freezing temperatures, and high water pressure can all contribute to burst pipes. Addressing changes in water pressure or severe clogs promptly by calling a professional is recommended. Insulating pipes and allowing faucets to drip in freezing temperatures can prevent pipes from bursting. Another effective preventative measure is installing a leak detection system, such as those offered by Moen and Guardian, which automatically shut off the water supply when a leak is detected. These systems can also lead to credits on home insurance policies, highlighting their value. External factors also play a role in water damage prevention. Regular inspection of the roof for damaged or missing shingles, compromised flashing, or plumbing vents is advised, with annual professional inspections recommended. Cleaning gutters regularly, at least twice a year or more frequently if surrounded by trees, helps protect the roof and foundation by redirecting water away from the home. Securing storm windows properly is essential, as even small cracks can allow water to seep in and damage walls. For older windows that don't seal completely, drilling drainage holes in the sill can prevent internal water damage. Appliance maintenance is another critical aspect. Homeowners should periodically inspect and replace supply hoses for water-using appliances like washing machines, dishwashers, and ice makers. Placing washing machines in a pan can offer additional protection, especially on upper floors. The HVAC system also requires attention, as condensation can lead to leaks if drip pans are dirty or drain lines are obstructed. Regular professional maintenance of HVAC systems can prevent clogs that cause leaks. For ground-level protection, considering French drains can help manage excess water around the foundation, particularly in areas prone to pooling. These gravel-filled trenches disperse and redirect water, and can also be installed in basements to control moisture. Furthermore, having a backup power source for sump pumps is vital, especially in flood-prone areas, as power outages during storms can render them inoperable. Whole-home generators can also qualify for insurance credits. Finally, every household member should know the location of the main water shutoff valve to quickly mitigate damage during a leak. It's also wise to locate appliance-specific shutoff valves. For extended absences, turning off the main water supply or arranging for someone to check on the home can significantly reduce the risk of water damage while away. #WaterDamagePrevention #HomeMaintenance #PlumbingCare #LeakDetection #RoofInspection #GutterCleaning #ApplianceMaintenance #HVACService #FrenchDrains #SumpPump #WaterShutoffValve

The Festus School District in Missouri faced significant challenges with clogged drains across its seven buildings, impacting 3,000 students and 400 staff members. Maintenance Supervisor Tom Stegemann, highlighting the unique difficulties of school plumbing systems, noted frequent blockages caused by items ranging from soda bottles and T-shirts to mashed potatoes. These clogs led to considerable downtime and disruption, affecting daily operations in kitchens, classrooms, and other areas. Before implementing a comprehensive maintenance program, the district regularly incurred costs between $300 and $600 for professional drain cleaning services for each of the 12-15 challenging clogs they experienced annually. To address these issues, the Festus School District developed a three-pronged drain maintenance program focusing on regular inspections, preventive maintenance, and the use of specialized drain clearing technology. A key investment was the acquisition of two General Wire drain cleaning machines and a drain inspection tool. One machine is a compact, 30-pound unit with a 35-foot cable designed for smaller drains like sinks and tubs, featuring a variable-speed power cable feed and a 4-foot guide tube for sanitary operation. The other is a larger, field-proven machine capable of clearing difficult obstructions, including tree roots, in 3-inch to 10-inch drains, using both ¾-inch and 5/8-inch cables without needing adapters. These machines collectively cost approximately $5,000, an investment that has reportedly paid for itself multiple times over the past six years, particularly given the cost savings from no longer needing external service calls. The drain inspection equipment, which includes a camera on a long cable, allows technicians to visualize the inside of pipes. This is especially crucial for older buildings, some dating back to the 1950s, to assess the condition of cast iron drain lines that can rust and become brittle. This proactive approach helps in identifying potential problems before they escalate into major blockages. Routine maintenance forms the third pillar of the program. The district contracts a company several times a year to use specialized drain cleaning products that remove organic matter from pipes. Additionally, a specific product is utilized in kitchens to break down food waste and prevent accumulation, even with disposals in use. Stegemann emphasizes the importance of due diligence when selecting equipment and products, warning against being swayed solely by the lowest price and advocating for quality, durability, and ease of use. He also stresses the need for user-friendly tools with straightforward designs and readily available training, as well as equipment that operates quietly to minimize disruption in school environments. The program has significantly reduced the time taken to clear clogs, with most now resolved within 15 to 20 minutes, allowing technicians to focus on other essential tasks. #FacilitiesManagement #DrainMaintenance #SchoolFacilities #PlumbingSystems #PreventiveMaintenance #TechnologySolutions #CostSavings #EducationalFacilities