Brick Cladding: Helping keep moisture out

Architects Miguel Niño and Johanna Navarro, founders of Sumart Diseño y Arquitectura SAS, a studio dedicated to sustainable architectural solutions, have developed the Bloque Termodisipador BT. This innovative ceramic block is designed with an irregular cross-section that facilitates air circulation, thereby significantly reducing heat transfer into building interiors. The development originated from a desire to leverage the natural properties of clay, a material abundant in Colombia's Cúcuta region, for architectural applications. The Bloque Termodisipador BT addresses the challenge of maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures in warm climates without relying heavily on mechanical cooling systems. Traditional clay bricks, while providing some insulation, often absorb and radiate heat, contributing to higher indoor temperatures. The BT brick's design innovatively incorporates internal channels and an irregular shape that promotes natural convection. This allows air to flow through the brick's core, carrying away heat and creating a cooling effect. The material choice, clay, is not only locally available but also possesses inherent thermal mass properties that can help regulate temperature fluctuations. The design process involved extensive research and experimentation to optimize the brick's geometry for maximum thermal dispersion. The irregular cross-section is key to its performance, as it creates a larger surface area for heat exchange and guides airflow efficiently. This passive cooling strategy offers a sustainable alternative to conventional air conditioning, which consumes considerable energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. By reducing the need for artificial cooling, the BT brick can lead to substantial energy savings and a smaller carbon footprint for buildings. Beyond its thermal performance, the Bloque Termodisipador BT also offers aesthetic versatility. Its unique form can be integrated into diverse architectural styles, providing a distinctive visual texture to facades. The architects envision the brick being used in various building types, from residential homes to commercial and public structures, particularly in regions with hot climates. The project highlights a broader trend in architecture towards biomimicry and sustainable design, where natural processes and materials are integrated to create environmentally responsible and energy-efficient structures. This innovation underscores the potential of traditional materials when combined with contemporary design principles and scientific understanding. The Bloque Termodisipador BT represents a practical and eco-friendly solution for thermal comfort, demonstrating how local resources and inventive design can contribute to more sustainable and comfortable built environments. The initiative by Sumart Diseño y Arquitectura SAS showcases a commitment to developing architectural solutions that are both functional and environmentally conscious, fostering a more sustainable approach to construction in Colombia and potentially beyond. #SustainableArchitecture #ClayBricks #ThermalComfort #PassiveCooling #EnergyEfficiency #ArchitecturalInnovation #ColombianDesign #BuildingMaterials #Ventilation

Maintaining and restoring a brick facade is essential for preserving the structural integrity and aesthetic appeal of a brick home, particularly in regions exposed to diverse weather conditions like Brooklyn. Regular upkeep is crucial to prevent water penetration, which can lead to leaks, cracking of mortar and brick, and overall deterioration. The process begins with a thorough inspection of the existing brickwork to identify signs of wear, such as surface cracks, deteriorated mortar, and efflorescence, a white stain indicating water presence. These indicators suggest that the facade's waterproofing capabilities may be compromised. One critical aspect of brick facade maintenance is avoiding paint or other coatings on the brick surface. Ideally, brick should remain in its natural state to allow moisture to escape. Painting brick can trap moisture inside, accelerating its deterioration. If brick is already painted, homeowners may consider paint removal, although this can be a costly endeavor, or opt for repainting. Repointing, the process of renewing the external part of mortar joints, is another vital maintenance task. Mortar naturally degrades over time due to weathering, and when it becomes sandy or starts chipping away, it loses its ability to prevent water intrusion. This can be particularly problematic during winter, as freezing water can cause significant damage. A well-executed repointing job can last for decades, reinforcing the facade's resilience against the elements. Brick replacement is necessary when individual bricks are damaged, exhibiting signs such as surface deterioration, cracks, or settling. This can range from replacing a few localized bricks to addressing damage across entire sections of a facade. When replacing bricks or repointing, selecting the correct mortar is paramount. Historic buildings, like many in Brooklyn, often require specific mortar compositions that differ from modern types. Using a mortar that is too strong can harm the brick itself. Therefore, it is advisable to consult a professional experienced with historic structures to ensure the new mortar matches the original in color, texture, permeability, and softness. The replacement mortar should always be softer and more permeable than the brick it supports. Finally, cleaning the facade can be accomplished through power washing, but this must be done with extreme caution. Low-pressure power washing performed by an experienced professional is recommended to avoid damaging the brick surface. A comprehensive restoration and repointing effort, when executed properly, can extend the life of a brick facade for 30 to 40 years or even longer. Engaging reputable contractors, such as Excellent Contracting LLC, who specialize in restoring historical brownstones and townhouses, ensures that these intricate processes are handled with the necessary expertise and attention to detail. #BrickFacade #HomeMaintenance #BrickRestoration #Repointing #Waterproofing #HistoricHomes #BrooklynHomes #BuildingExterior #HomeRenovation

The increasing demand for superior building performance and stricter regulations has made effective moisture management a critical aspect of multifamily and commercial construction. Weather-resistant barriers (WRBs) are crucial in creating air- and moisture-resistant building envelopes. The 2018 International Building Code (IBC) Section 1403.2 defines a “water resistive barrier” as at least one layer of No.15 asphalt felt, or other approved materials, attached to studs or sheathing to provide a continuous water-resistive barrier behind the exterior wall veneer. The American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) further distinguishes weather-resistant barriers as surfaces preventing air and water infiltration, with polymer-based barriers also serving as air barriers. Manufacturers of polymer-based barriers, such as building wraps, differentiate between water-resistive and weather-resistive barriers, with the latter providing the added benefit of serving as an air barrier for the vertical building enclosure. The IBC code sets minimum standards for WRBs, comparing them to No. 15 felt paper, the original “house wrap.” Modern WRBs require a “balance of properties,” including bulk air and water holdout, breathability, and durability. Advanced building wrap products now feature integrated drainage gaps, eliminating the need for furring strips and reducing material and installation costs. The article explores the performance characteristics of WRBs, including moisture management and drainability. A high-performance building wrap must pass a “water ponding” test and a more stringent hydrostatic pressure test. It must also balance permeability with drainability to prevent moisture trapping and allow evaporation. Drainage efficiency is typically tested according to ASTM E2273, which requires a minimum of 90% drainage efficiency for wall assemblies. Some advanced building wraps achieve even higher efficiencies, utilizing integrated drainage gaps created through creping, embossing, weaving, or filament spacers, or through an additional layer of polypropylene fibers. Permeability is another vital characteristic, measuring the amount of vapor transmission a building wrap allows. ASTM E96, also known as the Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) or Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR), is the industry standard for permeability. A permeable WRB prevents moisture vapor from becoming trapped within the wall assembly, which can lead to issues like rotting and mildew. The key is to design a wall system that allows moisture to escape to the outside. The International Code Council (ICC) requires a product's permeance rating to be at least five perms to be classified as a water-resistive barrier, distinct from a vapor retarder. Building scientist Joseph Lstiburek suggests an optimal range of 10–20 perms for balancing moisture protection and breathability. Air holdout, as defined by the Air Barrier Association of America (ABAA), refers to a system of assemblies designed to control uncontrolled airflow. A continuous air barrier is essential for energy efficiency, comfort, and indoor air quality, reducing energy consumption for heating and cooling by up to 40%. An individual material must have an air permeance of less than or equal to 0.02 L/(s•m2) at 75 Pa when tested per ASTM E2178 to be classified as an air barrier. However, real-world performance depends on proper installation and the integrity of connections. For ABAA approval, an air barrier must pass ASTM E2357 testing, which simulates real-world conditions including wind loading. Whole-building testing can also be performed using ASTM E779. A systems approach is crucial for air and moisture management, where the WRB is integrated with flashing tapes, sealants, and other accessories. Compatibility of these components is vital; for instance, certain sealants can damage bitumen flashing products. Proper installation, including correct fastening methods and seam sealing, is essential to prevent performance compromise. Manufacturers often offer system-based warranties for integrated solutions. Durability is also critical, with WRBs needing to withstand construction site rigors, including tears, scratches, and exposure to UV light and chemicals. The ICC evaluates durability based on tensile strength and tear resistance, with trapezoidal tear tests (ASTM D1117/ASTM D5733) being a reliable measure of in-plane tear resistance. The grab tensile measurement (ASTM D5034) is suitable for nonwoven fabrics. Scratch resistance, while lacking specific ASTM standards, is also important for maintaining material integrity. UV resistance is another key performance attribute, especially in commercial construction where prolonged exposure can degrade materials. High-performance WRBs can offer up to 12 months of UV resistance without performance degradation, a significant advantage given potential project delays. Finally, surfactant resistance is often overlooked but critical. Surfactants, such as those found in wood extractives or cleaning solutions, can lower surface tension, allowing water to penetrate the WRB and compromise its effectiveness. This can lead to structural damage, mold, and rot. Specifiers must choose WRBs that are resistant to these chemicals. Selecting the right WRB involves understanding these key performance measures and adopting a systems approach to ensure a high-performance building envelope that meets modern codes and contributes to the longevity and energy efficiency of structures. #WeatherResistantBarriers #MoistureManagement #BuildingEnvelopes #ConstructionMaterials #AirBarrier #Permeability #Durability #UVResistance #SurfactantResistance

Hugh Dorrian of Stoneware Studios discusses the historical and practical benefits of using lime mixes for plastering, rendering, and pointing in older buildings, particularly in the context of the Irish climate. He highlights that lime mixes have been utilized for thousands of years and are crucial for the repair and conservation of pre-1900 structures. Dorrian describes lime as “the Gore-Tex of the building world” due to its unique properties of breathability and water repellency, which are essential for managing moisture in old walls. The article explains that cement-based mortars, which are hard, dense, and impermeable, trap water within walls, leading to persistent dampness. In contrast, lime allows water vapor to evaporate, ensuring that walls dry out quickly. This breathability is particularly advantageous in damp climates like Ireland's. Hugh notes that properties constructed before 1900 almost certainly incorporated lime in their walls, often made from local lime mixed with sand and water, resulting in an off-white or creamy mortar, distinctly different from the grey of cement. Dorrian elaborates on the advantages of reintroducing lime render on the exterior or lime plaster on the interior of old stone and brick walls that have been previously coated with cement. He emphasizes two primary benefits: flexibility, which reduces cracking, and breathability, which promotes rapid drying. Stoneware Studios has observed that walls previously holding water due to cement render significantly improve after being treated with lime. The discussion extends to the use of hydraulic lime for various repairs, including those on 18th-century Roman cements, limestone sills, bricks, and sandstone. The key is to select the appropriate type of lime and additives for each specific repair. Furthermore, the article addresses insulation choices for older buildings, stressing the importance of using breathable insulation materials. Non-breathable insulation can trap moisture, leading to mold, mildew, and rot. Breathable options such as Secil Corkboard, EcoCork plasters, and redstone silicate boards are recommended as they allow walls to maintain their breathability while enhancing thermal performance. Corkboard, combined with lime plasters, is presented as an ideal solution due to its natural, renewable, and excellent insulating properties. Regarding damp control, the article advises that while lime plaster is effective for managing general dampness, more severe issues like basement flooding may require additional measures such as cavity membranes. The focus should be on long-term solutions that manage water effectively rather than just addressing immediate symptoms. For DIY enthusiasts, small repairs like touch-ups, lime-washing, and re-pointing are manageable with guidance. However, extensive re-pointing, rendering, or plastering is best left to fully trained specialists. Hugh highlights the availability of skilled lime craftsmen in Cork, noting that many prestigious buildings in the city have been successfully repaired with lime by local professionals. Stoneware Studios also offers training courses on renovation with lime to educate individuals on its proper application and benefits. #LimeRender #HistoricBuildings #BuildingConservation #MoistureManagement #BreathableMaterials #StoneWalls #BrickWalls #HomeRenovation #Insulation

The article discusses the critical differences between dampproofing and waterproofing foundation walls, emphasizing that preventing water intrusion from the exterior is generally more effective and economical than interior solutions. Homeowners' expectations for basements have evolved from simple storage areas to finished living spaces, making robust moisture control more important than ever. While the International Residential Code (IRC) mandates dampproofing, this primarily addresses liquid water not under hydrostatic pressure, using materials like bituminous coatings. These coatings are common and cost-effective but cannot span cracks or withstand hydrostatic pressure, which is why they are not considered full waterproofing. Waterproofing, on the other hand, is necessary in areas with high water tables or significant rainfall, and it involves materials designed to resist hydrostatic pressure. These include liquid-applied membranes (like styrene-butadiene rubber compounds) and peel-and-stick sheet membranes. Liquid-applied options offer seamless coverage but depend on consistent application, while sheet membranes require careful detailing of seams. Both types are often applied over primers, and some can be used in low temperatures. It is important to note that for a basement to be truly watertight, a waterproofing layer should also be applied beneath the slab to prevent water from being forced up through the floor by hydrostatic pressure. The article outlines a 'good-better-best' approach to foundation protection, starting with a basic dampproofing layer combined with a drainage membrane (like a dimple mat) and perimeter drains for capillary breaks and vapor barriers. A more advanced level adds a dampproofing layer, a dimple mat, and drainage at the wall's base, with the membrane's top edge sealed to the foundation. For the most challenging conditions or sensitive interior spaces, a multi-layered system is recommended, comprising a dampproofing layer, a dimple sheet for an air gap, and a drainage sheet with geotextile, all directing water to perimeter drains. These perimeter drains, installed below the basement floor level, are crucial in all scenarios. Various professionals integrate multiple layers for enhanced protection. For example, some builders use a liquid-applied or peel-and-stick membrane directly on the foundation wall, sealing joints and voids, followed by an insulation layer, and then a drain board with an integral air gap to protect the waterproofing and relieve hydrostatic pressure. Perimeter drains filled with coarse gravel and filter fabric complete the system. Other waterproofing materials include flexible cementitious coatings and bentonite panels, which expand when wet to create a seal, though their effectiveness can be compromised by repetitive wetting and drying cycles. Thermofusible membranes, requiring skilled application with heat, offer complete coverage but are less common due to complexity and safety concerns. Addressing leaks in existing foundations, or retrofits, presents additional challenges. Before undertaking major structural work, assessing site grading, gutters, and downspouts to redirect rainwater away from the foundation is advised. For minor cracks, external spot repairs with bentonite or internal epoxy/urethane injections can be effective. More extensive internal repairs may involve cutting the concrete slab to install interior perimeter drains and sump pumps, combined with internal drainage layers. However, this approach carries the risk of creating pathways for radon gas, necessitating airtight and vapor-tight seals. Interior coatings like UGL Drylok, Koster NB1 Grey, and Xypex Concentrate are also discussed, with testing indicating varying degrees of effectiveness against hydrostatic pressure and the importance of proper application and curing. The article concludes by stressing that investing in comprehensive waterproofing during new construction is a wise insurance against future water problems, especially given the increased use of basements as finished living spaces. #FoundationWalls #Dampproofing #Waterproofing #BasementProtection #MoistureControl #BuildingScience #ConstructionMaterials #HomeBuilding #RetrofitSolutions

Damp in a home can pose significant problems if not addressed promptly, potentially leading to costly repairs. This comprehensive guide provides strategies for identifying and treating various types of damp, including rising damp, penetrating damp, and condensation. Early detection is crucial, with common signs including wet patches on walls, peeling wallpaper, flaking plaster, musty odors, rotting wood, and the appearance of mold or mildew. One effective method for managing excess moisture, especially from indoor activities like drying clothes, showering, and cooking, is to use a dehumidifier. These devices actively draw moisture from the air, and choosing between refrigerant and desiccant types depends on specific needs. Proper home ventilation is also highlighted as a simple and often cost-effective solution for condensation, the most common form of damp. Installing extractor fans in bathrooms and kitchens, regularly opening windows, drying clothes outdoors, and incorporating window or air vents can significantly reduce humidity levels. Penetrating damp typically results from structural issues such as faulty guttering, roofing problems, or cracks in external walls, allowing water to seep through. Identifying this type of damp involves looking for discolored interior walls, damp patches, mold, blistered plaster, and wet surfaces. Checking and repairing external gutters and downpipes is a primary step. If bricks have become porous, applying an exterior silicone water-repellent fluid or limewash can reseal walls while allowing them to breathe, though professional advice is recommended for older homes. Addressing rot in timber, which can lead to structural damage, is critical. Wet rot thrives on constant moisture and is characterized by black fungus, soft timber, and a musty smell. Dry rot, more aggressive, requires less moisture, can spread to non-timber materials, and presents as white or orange growths, crumbling timber, and a mushroom-like odor. Suspected rot necessitates specialist intervention. For rising damp, the article explains the importance of a damp-proof course (DPC) and damp-proof membrane (DPM), compulsory in new homes since 1875. If these are absent, damaged, or ineffective, treatment options include injecting damp-proof cream into walls or installing a physical damp-proof course. Repairing or replacing a damp-proof membrane involves applying waterproof emulsion for minor issues or full replacement for extensive damp. Additionally, ensuring external ground levels are at least 15cm below the DPC is vital, as built-up soil can bridge the barrier. Tanking, which involves sealing walls or floors with materials like asphalt or membrane, is a more intensive and costly solution for severe damp. The guide also advises caution with ‘free damp surveys,’ recommending multiple quotes and considering an independent damp specialist for an unbiased assessment. It also discusses guarantees for damp-proofing work and consumer rights if work is deemed unnecessary. Common causes of penetrating damp are further detailed, including air gaps around windows and doors, burst gutters and pipes, porous bricks, and issues with cavity walls, such as debris accumulation or defective cavity trays. Rarely, poorly installed cavity wall insulation in areas with severe wind-driven rain can also contribute. Finally, preventative measures include ensuring clothes and linen are fully dry before storage, ventilating storage areas, and using natural remedies like boiling lemons to combat musty odors. In cases of severe storm damage, the article emphasizes contacting emergency services, insurance companies, and specialists, and advises on safety precautions when cleaning up flood-affected areas. #DampProofing #HomeMaintenance #MoistureControl #RisingDamp #PenetratingDamp #Condensation #PropertyCare #HomeImprovements #MoldPrevention

Building scientists and experienced builders acknowledge that stucco and adhered stone installations are more reliable when a drainage cavity is incorporated. This crucial element facilitates water drainage away from the wall and allows for ventilation, preventing moisture from becoming trapped and leading to rot. Products designed for this purpose typically combine a water-shedding layer with a three-dimensional matrix, creating the necessary drainage and ventilation space between the water-resistive barrier (WRB) and the stucco itself. A secondary WRB further enhances the assembly's ability to shed water and mitigate moisture intrusion. The widespread adoption of these rainscreen systems, however, faces challenges, primarily due to cost. John Koester, founder of Masonry Technology Incorporated (MTI), notes that while manufactured rainscreen drainage mats are effective, their market price often exceeds what residential builders are willing to pay. He suggests that the industry might eventually shift towards site-built assemblies using furring strips as a more cost-effective alternative. This sentiment highlights a disconnect between established best practices and economic realities within the building industry, where the value of such protective measures is not always reflected in builders' budgets or perceived cost-effectiveness. Two prominent manufactured rainscreen products demonstrate varying approaches and price points. DuPont’s Tyvek DrainVent Rainscreen, a 6.8-mm-thick honeycomb mesh with an integrated filter fabric and insect screen, serves as an effective option for stucco and other siding materials. It requires a specific fastener schedule and tape for vertical seams, offering a 10-year warranty, which extends to labor when used with other Tyvek products. Its cost is approximately $1.20 per square foot. Kingspan’s GreenGuard DC14, on the other hand, is a fanfold sheet of extruded polystyrene featuring drainage and ventilation channels on both sides. It connects with a shiplap style and requires specific fasteners and penetration depth into studs. Unlike some competitors, it does not include a filter-fabric screen and does not mandate additional housewrap. Kingspan provides a 10-year warranty, extended to 15 years with compatible WRB and flashing products, at a lower cost of about $0.45 per square foot. Beyond product specifics, understanding the behavior of stucco as a “reservoir cladding” is essential. Stucco can absorb and hold water, which, under certain weather conditions, can be driven inward, potentially compromising the wall assembly. The ventilation space created by rainscreen systems addresses this by allowing the stucco to dry to the exterior and preventing moisture from migrating into the wall. Building codes, such as the International Residential Code (IRC) section R703.7.3, provide guidelines for water-resistive barriers for stucco, specifying a performance equivalent to two layers of Grade D paper with integrated flashing to create a drainage plane. This code emphasis, while providing a minimum standard, underscores the importance of thoughtful water management in stucco installations. Ultimately, the integration of effective rainscreen systems is critical for ensuring the longevity and integrity of stucco-clad structures, preventing costly moisture-related issues. #StuccoSiding #RainscreenSystems #MoistureManagement #BuildingScience #DrainageCavity #WallAssembly #BuildingCodes #ConstructionMaterials

As the seasons transition, homes become more susceptible to moisture intrusion, particularly during rainy periods. This guide identifies 12 common exterior areas prone to leaks and provides expert advice on how to prevent water damage. Addressing these vulnerabilities is crucial for maintaining a home's integrity, preventing costly repairs, and avoiding issues like mold and mildew. Skylights, while enhancing natural light, are significant sources of leaks due to aging or damaged weather seals. Replacing seals or applying flexible caulk, like Sashco 10026 Big Stretch Caulk, can resolve minor issues. However, cracks in the glass necessitate professional replacement. Chimneys also pose a risk through their flashing, the material sealing them to the roof. Annual inspections of flashing are recommended, with small cracks in the chimney itself sealed with concrete sealant, such as Stormdry Brick Sealer. Larger cracks may require epoxy injection systems. Furthermore, using an invisible waterproof agent like Fobet Invisible Waterproof Agent can create a protective barrier on various surfaces. Attics and basements, being the highest and lowest points of a home, are particularly vulnerable. In attics, radiant barrier sheathing, like Reflectix, helps prevent condensation and water damage by reducing heat transfer. For basements, a waterproofing sealant such as Drylok Concrete Floor Paint forms an impenetrable barrier against moisture seeping through foundation walls. Dormers, often added during renovations, require meticulous flashing installation; improper sealing can lead to leaks, making professional assessment advisable over quick fixes. Clogged gutters are another major cause of leaks, as they lead to water overflow and subsequent damage. Regular cleaning and the installation of gutter guards, such as the A-M Gutter Guard or EasyOn Stainless Steel Gutterguard, are effective preventative measures. Ensuring gutters slope away from the house further prevents moisture intrusion. Pipe collars, which seal around plumbing vent pipes, are susceptible to UV damage, causing their rubber or neoprene gaskets to crack. Regular inspection and replacement with products like Oatey Rain Collar No-Calk Roof Flashing every decade can prevent leaks. Windows and doors can also be leak culprits if their caulking cracks or weather stripping deteriorates. Fast action with a 100% waterproof sealant, such as GE Advanced Silicone Window & Door Sealant, is essential upon discovering leaks. Deck attachments, like bolts or screws securing decks to homes, can rust or loosen, allowing water to seep into foundations. Applying a sealant like DAP Alex Plus All Purpose Acrylic Latex Caulk around deck posts and replacing damaged hardware can prevent costly water damage. Roof valleys, where two roof sections meet, are critical for water runoff but are prone to leaks, especially in winter when trapped water can freeze and damage flashing. Keeping these areas clear of debris is vital. Foundation cracks are structural issues that must be addressed immediately to prevent moisture ingress. Sealing them with concrete sealant, such as DAP Dynaflex 230, and applying waterproofing paint like Drylok Concrete Floor Paint can seal porous foundations. Nail pops, occurring when shingle-securing nails rise, create gaps for water entry. Hammering them back in and sealing the area with an elastomeric roof sealant, such as Henry Elastometric Roof Sealant, is recommended. Finally, exterior walls with gaps or cracks, like deteriorating mortar or missing bricks, can allow water to enter, leading to spalling. Regular inspections and timely repairs using caulk or sealant, like DAP Kwik Seal, are crucial to prevent further damage. #HomeMaintenance #LeakPrevention #RainySeasonPrep #Waterproofing #ExteriorHomeCare #DIYHomeRepair #PropertyProtection #HomeImprovement

Basement sealers are crucial for protecting concrete floors from moisture intrusion, which is a common issue in basements due to concrete's porous nature. Sealing not only prevents problems like mold and mildew growth but also ensures the longevity of any installed basement flooring. Beyond moisture control, sealers help mitigate concrete dust and make surfaces more resistant to wear and tear, as well as easier to clean from spills and stains. The article highlights five top basement sealers, each suited for different needs. The Ghostshield Lithi-Tek Concrete Sealer is identified as the best overall product, combining both densifying and waterproofing properties. This concentrated lithium silicate sealer penetrates deep into concrete, covering up to 1,000 square feet when mixed, and is mildew-resistant and easy to clean. For those on a budget, the Drylock Extreme Waterproofer offers an affordable solution for waterproofing basement walls, although it is not suitable for floors. It's mildew-resistant, easy to apply, and can be tinted to match specific basement paint colors. The Foundation Armor Transparent Concrete Sealer is recommended as the best densifier, designed to increase the strength, density, and hardness of concrete by filling pores with calcium silicate hydrate. This product is ideal for extra-porous concrete and helps reduce concrete dust. While it improves density, it should be paired with a waterproof sealer for comprehensive moisture protection. For long-lasting defense, the Foundation Armor Penetrating Sealer, a silane/siloxane-based product, provides a hydrophobic barrier effective for up to 10 years. This water-based sealer requires no mixing and is applied directly, offering significant peace of mind against moisture issues, especially when used with a densifier. Finally, the Ghostshield Vapor-Tek Concrete Sealer is presented as the best option for under flooring. This two-part epoxy creates a strong moisture barrier, making it suitable for basements prone to moisture problems. While pricey, its comprehensive protection helps prevent moisture damage to flooring. When choosing a basement sealer, several factors should be considered, including the age of the concrete and existing moisture issues. Newer concrete might only need a waterproof sealer, especially in drier climates, while older concrete often benefits from an initial densifier application followed by a waterproof sealer. It's important to note that sealers alone may not resolve severe moisture problems, which might require additional solutions such as dehumidifiers or drainage systems. Basement sealers typically come in two types: densifiers, which penetrate and chemically react with concrete to fill pores, and waterproofers, which form a surface barrier. For maximum effectiveness, densifiers should be used in conjunction with waterproofers. #BasementSealer #ConcreteWaterproofing #MoistureControl #DIYHomeImprovement #BasementRemodel #ConcreteProtection #HomeMaintenance #WaterproofingProducts

Waterproofing a basement is crucial for maintaining a home's structural integrity and creating a functional living space. Basements are prone to water leaks, seepage, flooding, and moisture-related issues, making effective waterproofing practices essential to prevent wider problems. An effective waterproofing strategy involves a combination of exterior and interior methods to create multiple layers of protection against water intrusion. The initial step in basement waterproofing is to identify potential water sources. This involves a thorough inspection of both the exterior and interior of the basement to pinpoint any cracks in the foundation, signs of water seeping through walls, or inadequate drainage. Understanding the origin of water intrusion is critical for implementing targeted solutions. Exterior waterproofing is a key component, beginning with excavating the soil around the foundation walls down to the footings. During this process, any cracks or structural issues in the foundation must be repaired. Following repairs, a waterproofing membrane or coating should be applied to the exterior foundation walls, creating a barrier against water infiltration and moisture seepage. This often involves spraying a liquid tar or rubber-like substance, as concrete itself is not inherently waterproof. Interior waterproofing addresses moisture from within. This involves identifying and repairing visible cracks in the basement walls and floor using specialized sealants such as hydraulic cement, epoxy, or polyurethane injections. These sealants are designed to be waterproof and effective against leaks. After filling all cracks, a cement-based basement concrete sealant should be applied to the walls, typically in at least two coats, to provide an additional layer of protection. Waterproofing paint can also be used on walls and filled-in crack areas for extra defense against moisture. Proper grading and drainage are also vital. Installing a basement drainage system, such as a French drain, around the foundation's base helps manage water runoff. The excavated area is then backfilled with gravel and soil to promote proper drainage. A sump pump installation is highly recommended to collect and pump water away from the property, keeping the basement dry. For interior drainage, digging a trench along the basement floor's edge and installing a drain and sump pump can effectively remove water. Laying 'drain tile' around the exterior and under the concrete floor directs water to the sump. Ensuring that gutters and downspouts divert water away from the foundation and that the surrounding soil slopes away from the house prevents water accumulation and seepage. Incorporating green design elements like eco-friendly waterproofing materials or green roofs and rain gardens can also reduce water runoff sustainably. Regular maintenance is the final, ongoing step. This includes routinely checking for new cracks, sealing any gaps or openings, and keeping gutters and downspouts clean to prevent water from pooling near the foundation. Proper ventilation, through windows or dedicated systems, is essential to control moisture and humidity, preventing mold and mildew growth. Using a dehumidifier can further regulate indoor humidity levels. Given the complexity of waterproofing, consulting with a professional expert or contractor is often advisable to tailor methods to specific basement needs and ensure comprehensive protection. #BasementWaterproofing #HomeMaintenance #WaterDamagePrevention #FoundationRepair #DrainageSystems #MoistureControl #HomeImprovement #DIYHome

The term rainscreen is commonly used to describe a category of building products designed to prevent rain penetration and keep exterior walls dry. This article explores the definition, components, and expected performance of rainscreen walls, tracing their historical interpretations and highlighting modern advancements in building enclosure design. Historically, the concept of a rainscreen wall has been a subject of debate, particularly regarding its distinction from a drained cavity wall. Madeleine Rousseau, a research officer at National Research Council Canada (NRC) in 1990, noted this controversy and the emphasis placed on 'pressure-equalized' systems at the time. While pressure equalization has since diminished in favor as a primary method for controlling bulk water intrusion, the foundational principles articulated by G. K. Garden in his 1963 article, 'Rain Penetration and its Control,' remain relevant. Garden identified three conditions for rain penetration: water on a wall, openings for passage, and forces to drive or draw water inward. He also detailed six forces that contribute to water ingress: kinetic energy (driving rain), capillarity, gravity, wind pressure, pressure differences, and a combination of pressure differences and capillarity. Garden focused on pressure equalization as a method to mitigate these forces, assuming the omnipresence of water on the wall and openings. However, significant changes have occurred since the research of Garden and Rousseau. Construction has become more intricate, new materials have been widely adopted, and cost pressures on building design have intensified. Crucially, there have been substantial advancements in building enclosure design, most notably the widespread implementation of continuous air barrier systems. Unlike the historical focus on pressure equalization, an air barrier system, as defined by the Air Barrier Association of America, is a comprehensive system designed to prevent the uncontrolled flow of air into and out of a building enclosure. This addresses one of Garden's key conditions—openings permitting the passage of water—and tackles an aspect he did not fully describe: the movement of humid air through wall assemblies, which can lead to condensation and detrimental effects. Today, an effective air barrier system is a code requirement and a fundamental element of contemporary wall design. The article also touches upon capillary action, defined as the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without external assistance or even against gravity, which Garden identified as two of the forces driving water into wall systems. The evolution of rainscreen wall technology reflects a move towards more integrated and sophisticated building envelope strategies, prioritizing continuous air barriers and comprehensive moisture management. #Rainscreen #BuildingEnclosure #MoistureManagement #ExteriorWalls #AirBarrier #ConstructionTechnology #Cladding #WallDesign #BuildingScience

The article explores a variety of cladding options designed to enhance both the aesthetic appeal and functional aspects of residential and commercial spaces. It highlights a comprehensive range of materials and styles, catering to diverse design preferences and practical requirements. The primary focus is on wall cladding panels, which are available for both interior and exterior applications, providing solutions for various home improvement and construction projects. The content categorizes cladding options into specific types: Interior PVCu Cladding, UPVC Cladding, Interior Timber Wall Cladding, and Shiplap Cladding. Each type is presented with a brief description, indicating its suitability for different environments and design goals. For instance, Interior PVCu Cladding and Interior Timber Wall Cladding are presented as solutions for updating indoor aesthetics, while UPVC Cladding and Shiplap Cladding are emphasized for their weather-resistant properties, making them ideal for exterior applications. The article includes a section of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) to address common queries regarding cladding. One FAQ clarifies that cladding panels are suitable for both internal and external use, provided that appropriate materials and installation methods are selected for each specific application. This emphasizes the importance of material selection based on environmental exposure and desired durability. Another FAQ provides detailed instructions on how to construct a bath panel using cladding materials. This involves measuring dimensions, cutting panels, attaching them to a frame with adhesive or screws, ensuring level installation, sealing joints with silicone bathroom sealant, finishing edges with trim, and securely installing the finished panel. For those seeking simpler alternatives, the article also suggests ready-made bath panels as a convenient option. A third FAQ offers guidance on fitting bathroom cladding panels. The process outlined includes measuring the wall area, cutting panels to size, applying waterproof adhesive to the back of each panel, pressing them firmly onto the wall starting from a corner, and using trim for edges and corners. It also stresses the importance of allowing the adhesive to fully dry before exposing the panels to moisture from showers or baths. The discussion underscores the versatility of cladding materials, emphasizing their role in both functional and decorative capacities. The range of materials, including PVC and timber, offers choices that combine durability with varied aesthetic outcomes. The article encourages readers to explore the available categories to find suitable cladding solutions that align with their vision for home enhancement. #Cladding #InteriorDesign #ExteriorDesign #HomeImprovement #BuildingMaterials #WallPanels #PVCuCladding #TimberCladding #BathroomDesign

Acme Brick, Tile and Stone's El Paso facility serves the entire El Paso metropolitan area and the Southeastern region of New Mexico. The showroom offers a comprehensive selection of building materials for both interior and exterior applications, catering to diverse design preferences and construction needs. For exterior projects, the showroom displays samples of Acme Brick and distinctive natural stone. The building's exterior itself showcases split-face concrete masonry units, complemented by the Acme/IBP Fast Track Stone system, providing inspiration for clients. The outdoor patio area features manufactured concrete pavers, inviting visitors to envision and design their own relaxing outdoor spaces, complete with built-in fireplaces and fire pits. The store categorizes its extensive product range into several key areas, including Brick, Building Materials, Cladding, Concrete Masonry Units (CMU), Fireplace components, Landscape materials, Masonry, Outdoor products, Stone, and Thin Brick. Within the 'Brick' category, customers can explore various sizes such as King, Queen, Modular, and Thin Brick, along with surplus inventory options. The 'Flooring' section includes a wide array of materials like brick, thin brick, tile, pavers, stone, and wood, allowing for versatile interior design choices. The 'Stone' offerings encompass different types such as Cast Stone, Coronado Stone, Horizon Stone, MStone, Majestic Stone, ProVia Stone, and Stonebrook Thin Veneer. Architectural Features include Cladding, Fireplaces, Glass Accents, and Iron Doors, providing elements to enhance a property's aesthetic and functional appeal. For outdoor living spaces, the store provides Outdoor Furniture, Pool Coping, and Turf. Culinary spaces are addressed with Grills & Kitchens, Outdoor Grills, and Heaters, facilitating the creation of complete outdoor entertaining areas. Acme Brick, Tile and Stone also offers specialized products for architects and designers, including various brick types, thin brick, cladding, Featherlite Concrete Masonry Units, tile, glass accents, and stone. The product listings on the website further detail specific brick products like 'Abbeville – Queen – Heritage', 'Academy – Modular – Heritage', 'Aden Blend – Queen – Heritage', 'Adobe Wells – King – Heritage', 'Allendale – King – Heritage', 'Allendale Rustic – Queen – Heritage', 'Allentown – King – Velour', 'Allentown – Modular – Velour', 'Alluvial Light – Modular – Ruff', 'Alluvial Light – Modular – Velour', 'Alluvial Medium – Modular – Ruff', 'Alluvial Medium – Modular – Velour', 'Alpine – King – Heritage', 'Amaretto – Estate – Velour', 'Amaretto – King – Velour', 'Amaretto – Modular – Velour', 'Americana – Modular – Heritage', and 'Ansley Park – Modular – Heritage'. Each product entry includes an image and a link to its dedicated product page, allowing for detailed exploration of individual materials and their characteristics. #BuildingMaterials #Brick #Stone #Tile #Cladding #Fireplaces #OutdoorLiving #HomeDesign #ConstructionMaterials

Brick flooring, an age-old building material, has resurfaced as a popular design choice, offering a blend of durability, low maintenance, and aesthetic appeal. Originating from Ancient Egypt and gaining widespread use during the Industrial Revolution due to mass production, bricks are now celebrated for their practical benefits and versatile design potential. Brett Ward, General Manager of International Marketing at Brickworks Building Products, highlights several key advantages of brick. Bricks are inherently maintenance-free, resisting fading, rotting, and rusting, which makes them a long-lasting option for both interior and exterior applications. Their high thermal mass contributes to energy efficiency, helping to regulate indoor temperatures. Additionally, unlike many other flooring materials, bricks do not require painting, special coatings, or varnishes to maintain their appearance or protect against wear and tear. This inherent resilience ensures that brick floors age gracefully, developing a unique patina over time, as noted by architect Benn + Penna. Modern brick manufacturing offers a vast array of colors, shapes, and styles, including innovative options like Venetian glass bricks. This diversity allows architects and designers to integrate bricks creatively into various home aesthetics, fostering seamless transitions between indoor and outdoor spaces. The article showcases 12 distinct examples of brick flooring in residential settings, illustrating the material's versatility and enduring charm. One example features a kitchen with timber joinery and brick floors laid in a herringbone pattern, recognized as a finalist in the Australian House & Garden Top 50 Rooms awards. Another instance highlights an interwar bungalow where the consistent use of bricks, both inside and out, along with a similar-toned mortar, creates a cohesive, monolithic feel in an extension. For a Mornington Peninsula family's escape from city life, rugged raw finishes of brick and concrete provide a low-maintenance interior, complemented by vibrant furniture and contemporary art. Brick floor tiles proved popular on 'The Block 2022' for their practicality and style in high-traffic areas like laundries and mudrooms, offering numerous laying patterns. Artist Prudence Oliveri's mid-century modern-inspired home incorporates rustic original brick floors, adding a unique patina and charm. In a Melbourne period home extension, dusty-purple brick floors, laid in alternating face and side rows, were inspired by the existing dark bricks, demonstrating thoughtful design integration. A sustainable cottage renovation in country Victoria utilized reclaimed brick pavers from a skip for the bathrooms, emphasizing eco-friendly design and character. At Old Bong Bong Farm, a herringbone brick floor in the sunroom offers both beauty and functionality, capable of withstanding heavy use. A large corner block in Perth features herringbone brick flooring as a primary design element in a dream home, reflecting a desired aesthetic. Lastly, a unique 'bush modernism'-inspired home in Melbourne retained its dark terracotta brick flooring during renovation, contributing to the desired earthy palette, and former 'Block' contestants Josh and Jenna incorporated brick flooring in their compact cottage, underscoring its worthwhile benefits despite initial research into installation complexities. The various applications demonstrate how brick flooring can enhance diverse architectural styles and functional needs while providing timeless appeal. #BrickFlooring #HomeRenovation #InteriorDesign #DurableMaterials #ThermalMass #ArchitecturalDesign #HomeDecor #BuildingMaterials

Open-joint cladding systems, while aesthetically pleasing, expose exterior walls to environmental elements like wind, water, and ultraviolet (UV) rays, increasing the risk of mold growth, rot, and compromised building performance. To mitigate these risks, building professionals utilize water-resistive barriers (WRBs) specifically designed for open-joint cladding. These WRBs are positioned in front of the continuous insulation (ci) and behind the cladding itself, serving a distinct function from the primary air barrier/WRB, which is typically located in front of the structural sheathing and behind the ci. The primary role of these specialized WRBs is to manage bulk water from wind-driven rain and snow, channeling it away from the structure to ensure dryness and maintain the integrity of the insulation system. Essentially, the WRB acts as an integral component of the primary cladding, safeguarding the insulation from performance degradation. Beyond water management, the WRB also protects insulation from "wind-washing," a phenomenon where wind-driven cold air penetrates permeable insulation or air gaps in continuous insulation. This can disturb the inert gases within the insulation that provide thermal value, potentially leading to increased heat loss, condensation on the interior side of the enclosure, and higher energy consumption. While the exact severity of wind-washing's effects remains a subject of industry discussion, influenced by factors such as insulation type, thickness, and building height, the presence of a properly installed WRB behind the cladding effectively shields the insulation from wind exposure. Effective installation is crucial for the WRB to perform its intended functions in an open-joint cladding system. This involves meticulously sealing all potential leakage points, including connections between walls and the roof's air barrier, the building foundation, seismic and expansion joints, and penetrations from piping, conduit, ducts, screws, and bolts. Changes in plane and any other pathways for air and water leakage in the building enclosure must also be secured. In addition to being water-resistive, the chosen membrane should exhibit high vapor permeability. This characteristic allows moisture that may accumulate within the wall cavity to diffuse swiftly to the exterior, thereby protecting the insulation from moisture-related damage. It is critical that the moisture throttle is not located at this point, as all interior moisture must be able to move freely to the exterior for optimal building performance and durability. #OpenJointCladding #WaterResistiveBarrier #WRB #ContinuousInsulation #BuildingEnclosure #WindWashing #MoistureProtection #CladdingDesign

The article discusses an upcoming webinar focused on the benefits and essential details of installing rainscreen cladding, specifically using natural slate siding. This webinar, scheduled for October 15 at 6 pm EDT, aims to educate participants on how to extend the life of siding and enhance the durability of building walls through proper rainscreen installation. A representative from CUPACLAD, a company specializing in natural slate rainscreen siding systems, will be part of the panel, offering insights into their innovative products. The core of the discussion will revolve around critical aspects of rainscreen siding. Attendees will learn about the overarching benefits of natural slate rainscreen siding, which include improved water management and enhanced building envelope performance. The session will delve into practical water management strategies, detailing effective flashing techniques crucial for preventing moisture intrusion and promoting drying within the wall assembly. Furthermore, the webinar will cover important considerations regarding materials selection and best practices for installation, ensuring that the system functions optimally to protect the structure. The panel of experts for the webinar brings together diverse and extensive experience in the building industry. Ian Schwandt, Production Manager at TDS Custom Construction and a Fine Homebuilding Contributing Editor, will share his expertise gained from commercial and residential construction, with a particular focus on high-performance building. Patrick Penza, Eastern U.S. Sales Manager for CUPACLAD, offers nearly two decades of experience in the building envelope industry, having contributed to numerous high-profile façade and roofing projects. His insights will be valuable in bridging design concepts with practical execution, particularly regarding material compatibility. Emily Mottram, Founder and Principal of Mottram Architecture, will contribute her knowledge on creating homes that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional, comfortable, healthy, and durable. Her background as an educator in building science and sustainable design, along with her podcast and co-hosting of the BS* + Beer Show, positions her to provide comprehensive guidance. Randy Williams, owner of Northern Built and Green Building Advisor Editor, brings a robust background starting as an apprentice electrician to becoming a full-time builder and energy auditor. His expertise in energy auditing, blower door testing, residential building diagnostics, and energy design consulting will be instrumental in discussing the performance aspects of rainscreen systems. This webinar is designed to provide comprehensive guidance for professionals and homeowners alike who are interested in understanding and implementing effective rainscreen siding solutions. By covering benefits, water management, material details, and installation techniques, with contributions from industry leaders, the session aims to equip participants with the knowledge to correctly apply natural slate rainscreen siding for improved home durability and longevity. #RainscreenSiding #SlateSiding #BuildingEnvelope #WaterManagement #HomeDurability #ConstructionTechniques #SustainableDesign #BuildingScience #CUPACLAD

The article addresses the pervasive issue of water intrusion through stucco claddings on wood-framed structures, particularly in regions like Florida, where re-skinning buildings due to moisture damage is a common occurrence. Despite building codes requiring two layers of a water-resistive barrier (WRB), including a bond-break layer, failures continue to happen even when installations generally comply with codes and manufacturer instructions. The core problem lies in the methodology of securing stucco. Fasteners, typically staples, draw the lath, bond-break layer (BB), WRB, and wood wall sheathing tightly together. This tight sandwich eliminates the intended air space for the bond-break, allowing capillary movement of moisture. More critically, fasteners create holes in the WRB at precisely the point of maximum compression. This allows moisture to accumulate within the assembly, cling to the fastener shank, and migrate through the WRB into contact with the wood sheathing. The tightly bound, unventilated space also prevents drying, leading to chronic dampness and wood decay. The article highlights that standard WRB performance tests, like ICC-ES AC38, do not account for fastener penetrations, which would cause a material to 'fail' the water penetration resistance test in a real-world scenario. A puzzling double standard exists for paper-based WRBs (Grade D paper), which are less water-resistant but serve as the baseline for stucco veneer WRBs in codes. Grade D paper allows water passage with minimal exposure and hydrostatic pressure, exacerbating moisture-related distress. To investigate these issues, full-scale mockup tests were conducted on various code-compliant stucco wall assemblies with different WRBs. Water was introduced to the drainage cavity, and observations for moisture ingress were made. The tests confirmed water penetration through fastener penetrations in both polymeric and felt-based WRBs, and directly through the field of some woven polymeric WRBs and Grade D paper. Grade D paper-based mockups showed significantly more severe intrusion. Magnified observations revealed oblong, torn annular openings around staple shanks, especially in woven WRBs, and additional holes from pneumatic tool impacts. To mitigate these issues and extend the life of stucco-clad buildings, several installation practices are recommended. Firstly, separating the stucco from the WRB with drainage media (e.g., polymeric filament products, 6 mm thick) creates a functional capillary break and an unobstructed path for moisture to drain vertically. This air gap, combined with through-wall flashing vents and drainage weeps, promotes ventilation and drying. Secondly, controlling the installation force and depth of fasteners is crucial. Reducing air pressure for pneumatic tools or using pan-head screws allows for better control, reducing penetrations and potential for corrosion. Screws also halve the number of penetrations compared to staples. Thirdly, using fluid-applied weather barriers can prevent tearing and create a gasket effect around fasteners, though these require skilled installation and designers must consider their vapor-impermeable nature. These recommendations, while not a complete guarantee against water penetration, significantly improve the long-term performance of stucco veneers by addressing the critical vulnerabilities of fastener penetrations and inadequate drainage/drying. #Stucco #WaterIntrusion #BuildingCodes #WRB #FastenerPenetrations #MoistureDamage #ConstructionFailures #DrainageMedia #BuildingEnvelope #WoodFraming

Traditional brick, a building material used for thousands of years, is lauded for its durability and aesthetic appeal. Historically, bricks evolved from sun-baked to fired versions, with manufacturing advancing significantly over time. While its classic appearance remains desirable, modern construction increasingly faces challenges with traditional masonry, particularly concerning high-performance enclosures, energy efficiency, and accelerated timelines. These challenges stem from brick's porous nature, which necessitates careful moisture management, and its heavy, bulky characteristics, requiring skilled labor and extensive support systems. Additionally, traditional brick production, relying on finite clay resources and fossil fuel-powered kilns, contributes significantly to CO2 and black carbon emissions, increasing embodied carbon and transportation fuel consumption. The demand for modern alternatives has grown due to these limitations and increasing focus on sustainability. Innovations like thin brick veneers, resin-cast bricks, and prefabricated panel systems aim to replicate the aesthetic of brick without its structural, labor, and environmental drawbacks. Architects and homeowners are increasingly prioritizing sustainability, influencing product choices. Manufacturers are responding by developing brick alternatives from various materials, including expanded cork, construction waste, mineral fibers, and 3D-printed recycled glass. Thin brick, a lightweight veneer made from clay or concrete, can be applied to diverse substrates and integrated into rainscreen systems, offering reduced structural weight and faster installation. Its adhesives are designed for long-term durability and resistance to environmental factors. Faux brick panels, made from polyurethane or composite materials, provide an easy-to-install, brick-like aesthetic but require careful consideration of fire performance and code compliance. Engineered brick products offer a blend of brick aesthetics and performance benefits, often using reclaimed or recycled materials, and are commonly factory-applied to prefabricated wall panels. MIT engineers are developing 3D-printed, recycled glass bricks designed to interlock, offering a sustainable and reusable building material. Resin-cast bricks, precision-molded from high-performance resins, provide consistency, low weight, and design versatility, suitable for various applications and integrated cladding systems. Modern brick-alternative finishes can be integrated into complete, warrantied wall systems, addressing both performance and design objectives. These systems, which include air and water-resistive barriers, continuous insulation, and lightweight cladding, offer benefits such as reduced structural load, lower embodied carbon, improved jobsite safety, enhanced design flexibility, and single-source warranties. They support holistic building envelope performance, meeting evolving code requirements and delivering a timeless brick look. Code compliance for these systems involves rigorous testing for air leakage, water penetration, fire performance, impact resistance, and finish durability, with specific approvals required for hurricane-prone areas. Effective specification guidance for brick-alternative systems includes requirements for mockups, substrate preparation, thermal and moisture performance, finish details, and installer qualifications. A case study of a 13-story affordable housing project in Brooklyn, N.Y., demonstrated the successful use of a continuous insulation wall system with a thin, resin-cast brick aesthetic to achieve Passive House standards on a modular construction timeline. This approach accommodated a classic brick look, high energy performance, and a compressed schedule, illustrating how integrated wall systems can bridge traditional aesthetics with next-generation performance requirements. #Masonry #BrickAlternatives #SustainableConstruction #BuildingMaterials #EnergyEfficiency #ArchitecturalDesign #ConstructionInnovation #BuildingEnvelope #ThinBrick