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Restoring Breuer's House in Garden
This article details the comprehensive restoration of Marcel Breuer’s "House in the Museum Garden," originally designed for a 1949 Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) exhibition. The house, intended as a prototype for a well-designed, moderately-priced modern home for the average American family, was purchased by the Rockefellers in 1950 and reconstructed on their Kykuit estate in Pocantico Hills, New York. In 2007, the property was transferred to the National Trust, initiating its meticulous restoration by a team from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.
The original design by the Bauhaus-trained Breuer aimed to offer an easily replicable blueprint for modern living, contrasting sharply with the post-World War II proliferation of vernacular-style tract housing. Philip Johnson, founder of MoMA’s Department of Architecture and Design, championed Breuer’s design as an ideal suburban home. While the house was initially an exhibition piece, its subsequent use as a residence over six decades led to numerous modifications, including the addition of a garage extension and the extension of a kitchen wall to the ceiling. The original construction also lacked essential plumbing and electrical wiring, which were later integrated. Furthermore, key elements of Breuer's design, such as flagstone flooring and outdoor spaces, were not fully reconstructed during the initial move.
The restoration effort, led by Kykuit’s Senior Curator Cynthia Bronson Altman and Staff Architect Kimberly Miller, aims to balance historical accuracy with the practicalities of a functional residence. This involves reinterpreting certain aspects, such as replacing plywood bathroom walls with more durable glass tile. The team relies on MoMA registrar documents, black and white photographs (and a few color ones by Ezra Stoller), and extensive research to guide their work. Their attention to detail extends to paint colors—scientifically analyzed to match Breuer Blue, chili-pepper red, Navajo white, and milkshake—furnishings, and even fabrics, with some drapery fabrics being custom-commissioned. The popularity of mid-century design has facilitated the acquisition of reissued iconic furniture pieces, including Breuer’s nesting bent-ply tables, the Wassily lounge chair, and Saarinen Grasshopper armchairs.
Structurally, the house features Breuer's distinctive butterfly roof, a direct counterpoint to traditional high-pitched roofs. This design not only creates a striking visual but also allows for adaptable interior spaces, including a double-height area capable of accommodating an additional story. Breuer's "bi-nuclear" layout was designed to evolve with a growing family, separating the master bedroom suite from the children's bedrooms, bathroom, and playroom. The house’s flow of space and use of materials are highlighted as significant design elements. Finishes on ceilings, floors, and walls extend outwards, enhancing the sense of spaciousness. The interplay of natural materials such as cedar siding, bluestone flagging, steel for the exterior staircase, and large glass expanses define its aesthetic. The restoration team also addresses unique design choices, such as the "delicate railing of tension cables," which serves as a contrasting element to the architecture's perceived weight. Future plans include reconstructing the outdoor spaces and sourcing additional period furnishings, such as a raffia rug for the living room, to further enhance the authentic feel of the space.
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